ADA, JDRF, and EASD merit-based awards. All-time male and female recipients of the ADA Banting Medal for Scientific Achievement (A), ADA OSAA (B), JDRF Grodsky Award (C), JDRF Rumbough Award (D), EASD Minkowski Prize (E), and Claude Bernard Medal (F). The criteria for the OSAA have changed over time, with a recent elevation of the investigator age limit to 50 years. Counts <5 precluded statistical analysis by χ² test. NA, not available; OSAA, Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award.