Adjusted associations of hyperglycemia with incident CVD, incident ESRD, and prevalent retinopathy by race. Hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD and ESRD were obtained using separate Cox proportional hazards regression models for white and black participants. Odds ratios for prevalent retinopathy were obtained using separate logistic regression models for white and black participants. In models that included both white and black participants, P values for interactions were calculated by conducting a likelihood ratio test to compare models with and without terms for the interaction between race and hyperglycemia. Models included adjustment for age; sex (male, female); BMI; BMI2; LDL-c; HDL-c; triglycerides; cholesterol-lowering medication use (yes, no); systolic blood pressure; antihypertensive medication use (yes, no); eGFR; family history of diabetes (yes, no); education level (less than high school, high school or some college, college or more); alcohol consumption (current, former, never); cigarette smoking status (current, former, never); and physical activity level. Categories of diabetes—no diabetes; no diabetes, intermediate levels; no diabetes, elevated levels; diabetes; and diabetes, elevated levels—were defined using the following levels of each biomarker, respectively: fasting glucose: <100, 100–125, ≥126, <149, ≥149 mg/dL; HbA1c: <5.7, 5.7–6.4, ≥6.5, <7.0, ≥7.0%; fructosamine: <239.8, 239.8–268.6, ≥268.7, <275.7, ≥275.7 mg/dL; glycated albumin: <13.52, 13.52–15.55, ≥15.56, <16.46, ≥16.46%; 1,5-AG: ≥15.0, 7.9–14.9, <7.9, >9.2, ≤9.2 μg/mL. Gray symbols indicate results for white participants. Black symbols indicate results for black participants. DM, diabetes.