Plasma insulin, glucagon, and glucose concentrations; meal rate of appearance of ingested carbohydrates; and rates of endogenous glucose production in control (blue) and T1D (red) subjects after a mixed-meal containing 50 g of carbohydrates (glucose). Data obtained from refs. 15 and 16 for the breakfast meal. The shaded parts represent differences between control and T1D subjects that could be targeted with informed algorithms.