Change in HbA_1c during study period and incremental net cost per patient per year in 2015 U.S. dollars. Results not shown for Noel et al. (37), an RCT that included patients with diabetes, heart failure, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: change in HbA_1c was −1.8% (−20 mmol/mol) and incremental net cost was +$9,714 per patient per year. Circle, RCT; plus sign, controlled before-after design; triangle, uncontrolled before-after design.