Factors independently associated with overall functional disability
| . | Adjusted OR . | 95% CI . |
|---|---|---|
| Disease category | ||
| No diabetes and no major depression (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| Major depression | 3.00 | 2.62–3.42 |
| Diabetes | 2.42 | 2.10–2.79 |
| Diabetes and major depression | 7.15 | 4.53–11.28 |
| Age | ||
| <65 years (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| ≥65 years | 2.83 | 2.61–3.08 |
| Sex | ||
| Men (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| Women | 1.45 | 1.35–1.56 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic white (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| Hispanic | 0.52 | 0.46–0.60 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.82 | 0.74–0.92 |
| Non-Hispanic other | 0.65 | 0.55–0.78 |
| Education | ||
| ≥High school (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| <High school | 1.54 | 1.39–1.70 |
| Household income | ||
| ≥$20,000 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| <$20,000 | 1.54 | 1.41–1.67 |
| Census region | ||
| West (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| South | 1.36 | 1.21–1.53 |
| Midwest | 1.03 | 0.92–1.15 |
| Northeast | 1.31 | 1.15–1.49 |
| Disability-associated comorbidity* | ||
| No (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| Yes | 4.94 | 4.60–5.31 |
| . | Adjusted OR . | 95% CI . |
|---|---|---|
| Disease category | ||
| No diabetes and no major depression (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| Major depression | 3.00 | 2.62–3.42 |
| Diabetes | 2.42 | 2.10–2.79 |
| Diabetes and major depression | 7.15 | 4.53–11.28 |
| Age | ||
| <65 years (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| ≥65 years | 2.83 | 2.61–3.08 |
| Sex | ||
| Men (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| Women | 1.45 | 1.35–1.56 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic white (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| Hispanic | 0.52 | 0.46–0.60 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.82 | 0.74–0.92 |
| Non-Hispanic other | 0.65 | 0.55–0.78 |
| Education | ||
| ≥High school (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| <High school | 1.54 | 1.39–1.70 |
| Household income | ||
| ≥$20,000 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| <$20,000 | 1.54 | 1.41–1.67 |
| Census region | ||
| West (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| South | 1.36 | 1.21–1.53 |
| Midwest | 1.03 | 0.92–1.15 |
| Northeast | 1.31 | 1.15–1.49 |
| Disability-associated comorbidity* | ||
| No (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 |
| Yes | 4.94 | 4.60–5.31 |
Disability-associated comorbidity is defined as having any one of the following: chronic arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, or heart failure. Chronic arthritis is defined as having rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis, or other types of arthritis.