SEARCH study cohort participant characteristics and NIHT-CB scores by diabetes type
| . | Total (N = 1,380) . | T1D (n = 1,095) . | T2D (n = 285) . | P value* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant characteristics | ||||
| Age at SEARCH 4 visit (years), mean (SD) | 1,380 | 21.0 (5.0) | 24.6 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 1,380 | 583 (53.2) | 201 (70.5) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | 1,379 | <0.001 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 619 (56.6) | 51 (17.9) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 181 (16.5) | 142 (49.8) | ||
| Hispanic | 241 (22.0) | 60 (21.1) | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 37 (3.4) | 6 (2.1) | ||
| American Indian | 11 (1.0) | 25 (8.8) | ||
| Other | 5 (0.5) | 1 (0.4) | ||
| WHtR, mean (SD) | 1,376 | 0.49 (0.07) | 0.64 (0.10) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years), mean (SD) | 1,380 | 10.8 (3.4) | 10.2 (3.6) | 0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) AUC, mean (SD) | 1,361 | 8.7 (1.5) | 8.7 (2.3) | 0.83 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean (SD) | 72 (4.5) | 72 (6.9) | ||
| Any hypoglycemic events in past 12 months, n (%) | 1,356 | 106 (9.8) | 10 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| CES-D score, median (IQR) | 1,372 | 7.0 (4.0, 14.0) | 11.0 (6.0, 19.0) | <0.001 |
| Highest participant education, n (%) | 1,362 | <0.001 | ||
| No high school diploma | 363 (33.7) | 50 (17.6) | ||
| High school graduate | 218 (20.2) | 101 (35.6) | ||
| Some college or associate’s degree | 341 (31.6) | 107 (37.7) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 156 (14.5) | 26 (9.2) | ||
| Highest parent education, n (%) | 1,319 | <0.001 | ||
| No high school diploma | 65 (6.2) | 25 (9.4) | ||
| High school graduate | 154 (14.6) | 94 (35.3) | ||
| Some college or associate’s degree | 311 (29.5) | 103 (38.7) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 523 (49.7) | 44 (16.5) | ||
| Household income ($), n (%) | 1,365 | <0.001 | ||
| <25,000 | 169 (15.6) | 94 (33.1) | ||
| 25,000–49,999 | 185 (17.1) | 68 (23.9) | ||
| 50,000–74,999 | 127 (11.7) | 12 (4.2) | ||
| ≥75,000 | 326 (30.2) | 13 (4.6) | ||
| Do not know or refused | 274 (25.3) | 97 (34.2) | ||
| NIHT-CB test scores, mean (SD)‡ | ||||
| Composite fluid cognition | 1,380 | 95.5 (16.7) | 84.7 (17.1) | <0.001 |
| Pattern Comparison Processing Speed (fluid) | 1,380 | 100.4 (21.0) | 92.8 (20.5) | <0.001 |
| Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention (fluid) | 1,380 | 84.7 (12.8) | 79.2 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| List Sorting Working Memory (fluid) | 1,380 | 100.1 (13.8) | 91.2 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| Picture Sequence Memory (fluid) | 1,380 | 102.7 (16.8) | 95.7 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| Dimensional Change Card Sort (fluid) | 1,380 | 98.0 (16.8) | 90.3 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Picture Vocabulary (crystallized) | 1,380 | 103.6 (15.0) | 91.5 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| . | Total (N = 1,380) . | T1D (n = 1,095) . | T2D (n = 285) . | P value* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant characteristics | ||||
| Age at SEARCH 4 visit (years), mean (SD) | 1,380 | 21.0 (5.0) | 24.6 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 1,380 | 583 (53.2) | 201 (70.5) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | 1,379 | <0.001 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 619 (56.6) | 51 (17.9) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 181 (16.5) | 142 (49.8) | ||
| Hispanic | 241 (22.0) | 60 (21.1) | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 37 (3.4) | 6 (2.1) | ||
| American Indian | 11 (1.0) | 25 (8.8) | ||
| Other | 5 (0.5) | 1 (0.4) | ||
| WHtR, mean (SD) | 1,376 | 0.49 (0.07) | 0.64 (0.10) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years), mean (SD) | 1,380 | 10.8 (3.4) | 10.2 (3.6) | 0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) AUC, mean (SD) | 1,361 | 8.7 (1.5) | 8.7 (2.3) | 0.83 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean (SD) | 72 (4.5) | 72 (6.9) | ||
| Any hypoglycemic events in past 12 months, n (%) | 1,356 | 106 (9.8) | 10 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| CES-D score, median (IQR) | 1,372 | 7.0 (4.0, 14.0) | 11.0 (6.0, 19.0) | <0.001 |
| Highest participant education, n (%) | 1,362 | <0.001 | ||
| No high school diploma | 363 (33.7) | 50 (17.6) | ||
| High school graduate | 218 (20.2) | 101 (35.6) | ||
| Some college or associate’s degree | 341 (31.6) | 107 (37.7) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 156 (14.5) | 26 (9.2) | ||
| Highest parent education, n (%) | 1,319 | <0.001 | ||
| No high school diploma | 65 (6.2) | 25 (9.4) | ||
| High school graduate | 154 (14.6) | 94 (35.3) | ||
| Some college or associate’s degree | 311 (29.5) | 103 (38.7) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 523 (49.7) | 44 (16.5) | ||
| Household income ($), n (%) | 1,365 | <0.001 | ||
| <25,000 | 169 (15.6) | 94 (33.1) | ||
| 25,000–49,999 | 185 (17.1) | 68 (23.9) | ||
| 50,000–74,999 | 127 (11.7) | 12 (4.2) | ||
| ≥75,000 | 326 (30.2) | 13 (4.6) | ||
| Do not know or refused | 274 (25.3) | 97 (34.2) | ||
| NIHT-CB test scores, mean (SD)‡ | ||||
| Composite fluid cognition | 1,380 | 95.5 (16.7) | 84.7 (17.1) | <0.001 |
| Pattern Comparison Processing Speed (fluid) | 1,380 | 100.4 (21.0) | 92.8 (20.5) | <0.001 |
| Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention (fluid) | 1,380 | 84.7 (12.8) | 79.2 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| List Sorting Working Memory (fluid) | 1,380 | 100.1 (13.8) | 91.2 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| Picture Sequence Memory (fluid) | 1,380 | 102.7 (16.8) | 95.7 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| Dimensional Change Card Sort (fluid) | 1,380 | 98.0 (16.8) | 90.3 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Picture Vocabulary (crystallized) | 1,380 | 103.6 (15.0) | 91.5 (14.1) | <0.001 |
IQR, interquartile range.
P value from t test or Wilcoxon test (continuous) or χ2 test (categorical).
NIHT age-corrected cognition test scores (mean 100 [SD 15]; lower scores indicate poorer performance on cognitive test in comparison with national average for age).