. | No hypoglycemia, . | Ever hypoglycemia,* . | P value . |
---|---|---|---|
. | n = 1,013 . | n = 149 . | |
Age (years) | 63.5 (5.7) | 64.8 (5.5) | 0.008 |
Female sex | 53.8 | 55.7 | 0.66 |
Black race | 30.4 | 44.3 | 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.4 (5.9) | 32.3 (5.7) | 0.08 |
Fructosamine (μmol/L)** | 328.7 (69.1) | 366.5 (76.7) | <0.001 |
eGFRcystatin C | 69.8 (20.8) | 64.3 (21.9) | 0.003 |
Albumin-to-creatinine ratio | 5.6 (1.8, 20.7) | 12.5 (3.6, 87.3) | <0.001 |
Diabetes medication use | <0.001 | ||
None | 29.4 | 9.4 | |
Oral only | 45.5 | 43.6 | |
Any insulin | 25.1 | 47.0 | |
Diabetes duration (years) | 5.1 (3.7) | 6.5 (3.2) | <0.001 |
Antidepressant use | 8.3 | 13.4 | 0.04 |
Benzodiazepine use | 5.9 | 8.7 | 0.19 |
Number of comorbidities*** | 0.78 | ||
0 | 34.6 | 30.9 | |
1 | 41.1 | 43.6 | |
2 | 17.6 | 17.5 | |
≥3 | 6.7 | 8.0 | |
Any ADL difficulty**** | 34.2 | 47.7 | 0.001 |
Global cognitive z score | −0.36 (1.0) | −0.84 (1.0) | <0.001 |
. | No hypoglycemia, . | Ever hypoglycemia,* . | P value . |
---|---|---|---|
. | n = 1,013 . | n = 149 . | |
Age (years) | 63.5 (5.7) | 64.8 (5.5) | 0.008 |
Female sex | 53.8 | 55.7 | 0.66 |
Black race | 30.4 | 44.3 | 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.4 (5.9) | 32.3 (5.7) | 0.08 |
Fructosamine (μmol/L)** | 328.7 (69.1) | 366.5 (76.7) | <0.001 |
eGFRcystatin C | 69.8 (20.8) | 64.3 (21.9) | 0.003 |
Albumin-to-creatinine ratio | 5.6 (1.8, 20.7) | 12.5 (3.6, 87.3) | <0.001 |
Diabetes medication use | <0.001 | ||
None | 29.4 | 9.4 | |
Oral only | 45.5 | 43.6 | |
Any insulin | 25.1 | 47.0 | |
Diabetes duration (years) | 5.1 (3.7) | 6.5 (3.2) | <0.001 |
Antidepressant use | 8.3 | 13.4 | 0.04 |
Benzodiazepine use | 5.9 | 8.7 | 0.19 |
Number of comorbidities*** | 0.78 | ||
0 | 34.6 | 30.9 | |
1 | 41.1 | 43.6 | |
2 | 17.6 | 17.5 | |
≥3 | 6.7 | 8.0 | |
Any ADL difficulty**** | 34.2 | 47.7 | 0.001 |
Global cognitive z score | −0.36 (1.0) | −0.84 (1.0) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as percentage, mean (SD), or median (25th, 75th percentiles). eGFRcystatin C, estimated glomerular filtration rate based on cystatin C.
14 had severe hypoglycemia before baseline, and 135 had severe hypoglycemia during follow-up.
Fructosamine of 275 μmol/L corresponds to an HbA1c of 7.0%; 335 μmol/L corresponds to an HbA1c of 8.2% (36).
Comorbidities: coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, lung disease, liver cirrhosis, Parkinson disease, cancer, arthritis, pulmonary or deep vein thrombosis.
ADL defined as eating, dressing, getting out of bed, standing from an armless chair, and walking between rooms. P values were calculated with χ2 or t tests, as appropriate.