Characteristics of the study population by diabetes status and race, ARIC visit 2 (1990–1992)
| . | No diagnosed diabetes . | Diagnosed diabetes . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | White (n = 8,096) . | Black (n = 2,277) . | P value* . | White (n = 425) . | Black (n = 302) . | P value* . |
| Age, years | 57.3 (5.6) | 56.2 (5.7) | <0.001 | 58.7 (5.7) | 57.6 (5.7) | 0.013 |
| Male sex | 43.9% | 35.8% | <0.001 | 48.0% | 29.5% | <0.001 |
| Less than HS education | 13.9% | 35.0% | <0.001 | 24.2% | 44.0% | <0.001 |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 21.7% | 41.5% | <0.001 | 47.5% | 55.0% | 0.048 |
| Current smoking | 20.5% | 24.5% | <0.001 | 17.9% | 21.2% | 0.265 |
| Current drinking | 66.2% | 36.8% | <0.001 | 48.5% | 21.5% | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes | 21.9% | 25.0% | 0.002 | 41.9% | 41.1% | 0.824 |
| Hypertension† | 29.4% | 51.4% | <0.001 | 51.3% | 64.9% | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication use | 21.7% | 40.3% | <0.001 | 42.6% | 57.0% | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 118.8 (17.4) | 125.5 (19.9) | <0.001 | 125.2 (17.2) | 127.9 (20.1) | 0.052 |
| Systolic BP ≥140 mmHg | 11.7% | 21.0% | <0.001 | 19.8% | 22.2% | 0.428 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 71.2 (9.7) | 75.7 (10.8) | <0.001 | 70.8 (9.7) | 73.0 (9.7) | 0.003 |
| Diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg | 3.8% | 10.1% | <0.001 | 3.3% | 4.3% | 0.478 |
| HDL-c, mg/dL | 50.1 (16.6) | 54.5 (17.0) | <0.001 | 42.1 (12.8) | 49.1 (13.6) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 209.0 (37.4) | 208.9 (40.0) | 0.921 | 208.7 (39.2) | 217.5 (45.6) | 0.005 |
| LDL-c, mg/dL | 132.8 (35.6) | 133.7 (38.3) | 0.281 | 132.6 (35.2) | 141.4 (42.7) | 0.003 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 130.7 (64.5) | 103.5 (50.0) | <0.001 | 169.5 (75.3) | 134.8 (68.3) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol-lowering medication use | 5.5% | 2.8% | <0.001 | 12.9% | 5.0% | <0.001 |
| Glucose-lowering medications‡ | — | — | — | 61.5% | 76.5% | <0.001 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.670 | 2.4% | 4.6% | 0.090 |
| Prevalent retinopathy§ | 1.6% | 3.3% | <0.001 | 19.6% | 30.7% | 0.005 |
| Baecke sport index‖ | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.2 (0.7) | <0.001 | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| . | No diagnosed diabetes . | Diagnosed diabetes . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | White (n = 8,096) . | Black (n = 2,277) . | P value* . | White (n = 425) . | Black (n = 302) . | P value* . |
| Age, years | 57.3 (5.6) | 56.2 (5.7) | <0.001 | 58.7 (5.7) | 57.6 (5.7) | 0.013 |
| Male sex | 43.9% | 35.8% | <0.001 | 48.0% | 29.5% | <0.001 |
| Less than HS education | 13.9% | 35.0% | <0.001 | 24.2% | 44.0% | <0.001 |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 21.7% | 41.5% | <0.001 | 47.5% | 55.0% | 0.048 |
| Current smoking | 20.5% | 24.5% | <0.001 | 17.9% | 21.2% | 0.265 |
| Current drinking | 66.2% | 36.8% | <0.001 | 48.5% | 21.5% | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes | 21.9% | 25.0% | 0.002 | 41.9% | 41.1% | 0.824 |
| Hypertension† | 29.4% | 51.4% | <0.001 | 51.3% | 64.9% | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication use | 21.7% | 40.3% | <0.001 | 42.6% | 57.0% | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 118.8 (17.4) | 125.5 (19.9) | <0.001 | 125.2 (17.2) | 127.9 (20.1) | 0.052 |
| Systolic BP ≥140 mmHg | 11.7% | 21.0% | <0.001 | 19.8% | 22.2% | 0.428 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 71.2 (9.7) | 75.7 (10.8) | <0.001 | 70.8 (9.7) | 73.0 (9.7) | 0.003 |
| Diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg | 3.8% | 10.1% | <0.001 | 3.3% | 4.3% | 0.478 |
| HDL-c, mg/dL | 50.1 (16.6) | 54.5 (17.0) | <0.001 | 42.1 (12.8) | 49.1 (13.6) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 209.0 (37.4) | 208.9 (40.0) | 0.921 | 208.7 (39.2) | 217.5 (45.6) | 0.005 |
| LDL-c, mg/dL | 132.8 (35.6) | 133.7 (38.3) | 0.281 | 132.6 (35.2) | 141.4 (42.7) | 0.003 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 130.7 (64.5) | 103.5 (50.0) | <0.001 | 169.5 (75.3) | 134.8 (68.3) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol-lowering medication use | 5.5% | 2.8% | <0.001 | 12.9% | 5.0% | <0.001 |
| Glucose-lowering medications‡ | — | — | — | 61.5% | 76.5% | <0.001 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.670 | 2.4% | 4.6% | 0.090 |
| Prevalent retinopathy§ | 1.6% | 3.3% | <0.001 | 19.6% | 30.7% | 0.005 |
| Baecke sport index‖ | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.2 (0.7) | <0.001 | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.6) | <0.001 |
Data are mean (SD) or percentages.
BP, blood pressure; HS, high school; IQR, interquartile range.
*Two-sided P values calculated using the Student t test for continuous variables and the χ2 test for categorical variables.
†Hypertension defined as diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg or systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or antihypertensive medication use.
‡Among persons with diabetes, 13 black and 22 white participants are missing a response to self-reported use of glucose-lowering medication.
§Retinopathy was assessed at visit 3 (1993–1995) and therefore was available for only a subset of the main study population (176 blacks and 317 whites among participants with diagnosed diabetes; 1,516 blacks and 6,561 whites among participants without diagnosed diabetes).
‖The Baecke sport index is a score of sport index during leisure time, with values ranging from 1 to 5, based on intensity (light, moderate, heavy); time (hours per week); and proportion (months per year) of activity. Higher values indicate higher levels of physical activity.