Characteristics of the study population
| . | Lean (n = 191) . | Obese (n = 190) . | T2DM (n = 189) . | P values . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 17.6 ± 3.7 | 18.0 ± 3.4 | 18.1 ± 3.2 | n/s |
| Sex (n, % female) | 122 (63) | 128 (67) | 122 (64) | n/s |
| Race (n, % African American) | 98 (51) | 115 (60) | 103 (54) | n/s |
| Height (cm)a | 165.7 ± 10.7 | 166.7 ± 10.4 | 169.4 ± 9.9 | <0.01 |
| Weight (kg)b | 58.4 ± 11.5 | 100.8 ± 19.7 | 103.5 ± 26 | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2)b | 21.1 ± 2.5 | 36.2 ± 6.0 | 35.9 ± 7.8 | <0.01 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)e | 107.4 ± 10.2 | 117.1 ± 11.2 | 121.7 ± 12.3 | <0.01 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)b | 59.6 ± 13.0 | 66.7 ± 12.1 | 67.1 ± 13.0 | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%)a | 5.4 (5.1, 5.5) | 5.5 (5.2, 5.7) | 8.2 (5.9, 10.3) | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36 (32, 37) | 37 (33, 39) | 66 (41, 89) | <0.01 |
| Glucose (mg/dL)a | 89.5 (85.5, 94.2) | 92.6 (88.3, 96.5) | 155.6 (94.3, 204) | <0.01 |
| Insulin (mU/mL)e | 11.3 (8.3, 13.2) | 22.8 (13.4, 27.3) | 26.3 (13.6, 32.7) | <0.01 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)b | 90.0 (72, 105) | 103.5 (84, 121) | 107.7 (83, 132) | <0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)c | 57.5 (49, 63) | 46.3 (41, 52) | 44.1 (36, 50) | <0.01 |
| TGs (mg/dL)e | 71.3 (48, 84) | 106.1 (63, 123) | 141.3 (77, 169) | <0.01 |
| CRP (mg/L)b | 0.9 (0.2, 0.9) | 4.1 (1.2, 6.3) | 4.6 (1.3, 6.9) | <0.01 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.8 ± 0.8 | 9.7 ± 1.6 | 9.8 ± 0.9 | n/s |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)d | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.73 ± 0.2 | 0.64 ± 0.2 | <0.01 |
| 25[OH]D (ng/mL)c | 21.3 (14, 26.7) | 14.3 (8.8, 18.2) | 14.1 (8.3, 18.7) | <0.01 |
| . | Lean (n = 191) . | Obese (n = 190) . | T2DM (n = 189) . | P values . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 17.6 ± 3.7 | 18.0 ± 3.4 | 18.1 ± 3.2 | n/s |
| Sex (n, % female) | 122 (63) | 128 (67) | 122 (64) | n/s |
| Race (n, % African American) | 98 (51) | 115 (60) | 103 (54) | n/s |
| Height (cm)a | 165.7 ± 10.7 | 166.7 ± 10.4 | 169.4 ± 9.9 | <0.01 |
| Weight (kg)b | 58.4 ± 11.5 | 100.8 ± 19.7 | 103.5 ± 26 | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2)b | 21.1 ± 2.5 | 36.2 ± 6.0 | 35.9 ± 7.8 | <0.01 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)e | 107.4 ± 10.2 | 117.1 ± 11.2 | 121.7 ± 12.3 | <0.01 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)b | 59.6 ± 13.0 | 66.7 ± 12.1 | 67.1 ± 13.0 | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%)a | 5.4 (5.1, 5.5) | 5.5 (5.2, 5.7) | 8.2 (5.9, 10.3) | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36 (32, 37) | 37 (33, 39) | 66 (41, 89) | <0.01 |
| Glucose (mg/dL)a | 89.5 (85.5, 94.2) | 92.6 (88.3, 96.5) | 155.6 (94.3, 204) | <0.01 |
| Insulin (mU/mL)e | 11.3 (8.3, 13.2) | 22.8 (13.4, 27.3) | 26.3 (13.6, 32.7) | <0.01 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)b | 90.0 (72, 105) | 103.5 (84, 121) | 107.7 (83, 132) | <0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)c | 57.5 (49, 63) | 46.3 (41, 52) | 44.1 (36, 50) | <0.01 |
| TGs (mg/dL)e | 71.3 (48, 84) | 106.1 (63, 123) | 141.3 (77, 169) | <0.01 |
| CRP (mg/L)b | 0.9 (0.2, 0.9) | 4.1 (1.2, 6.3) | 4.6 (1.3, 6.9) | <0.01 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.8 ± 0.8 | 9.7 ± 1.6 | 9.8 ± 0.9 | n/s |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)d | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.73 ± 0.2 | 0.64 ± 0.2 | <0.01 |
| 25[OH]D (ng/mL)c | 21.3 (14, 26.7) | 14.3 (8.8, 18.2) | 14.1 (8.3, 18.7) | <0.01 |
Data are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (25th, 75th percentile). P values in the table represent the overall comparison between the three groups using ANOVA; n/s, not significant. Between-group differences are shown by:
aT2DM >lean and obese.
bT2DM and obese >lean.
cLean >T2DM and obese.
dLean and obese >T2DM.
eT2DM >obese >lean.