. | Autoimmune . | Nonautoimmune . | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IS . | IR . | P . | IS . | IR . | P . | |
N (%) | 1,248 (54.5) | 446 (19.5) | 232 (10.1) | 365 (15.9) | ||
Clinical diabetes type, N (%) | < 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Type 1 diabetes | 1,238 (99.2) | 412 (92.4) | 207 (89.2) | 86 (23.6) | ||
Type 2 diabetes/other | 10 (0.8) | 34 (7.6) | 25 (10.8) | 279 (76.4) | ||
HLA risk category, N (%)* | 0.12 | <0.001 | ||||
Susceptible | 547 (43.8) | 173 (38.8) | 57 (24.6) | 33 (9.0) | ||
Neutral | 567 (45.4) | 232 (52.0) | 130 (56.0) | 236 (64.7) | ||
Protective | 23 (1.8) | 8 (1.8) | 15 (6.5) | 53 (14.5) | ||
Insulin deficiency (FCP <0.4 ng/mL), N (%) | 487 (39.0) | 141 (31.6) | 0.005 | 75 (32.3) | 15 (4.1) | <0.001 |
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
NHW, N (%) | 979 (78.4) | 308 (69.1) | <0.001 | 172 (74.1) | 97 (26.6) | <0.001 |
Onset age (years) | 9.3 ± 3.7 | 12.9 ± 2.8 | <0.001 | 9.4 ± 4.1 | 13.9 ± 2.6 | <0.001 |
Onset age <10 years, N (%) | 660 (52.9) | 49 (11.0) | <0.001 | 117 (50.4) | 17 (4.7) | <0.001 |
Current age (years) | 10.4 ± 3.7 | 14.2 ± 2.9 | <0.001 | 10.5 ± 4.1 | 15.1 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
Diabetes duration (months) | 9.6 ± 5.9 | 11.5 ± 6.6 | <0.001 | 10.0 ± 6.2 | 11.3 ± 6.9 | 0.03 |
Male, N (%) | 646 (51.8) | 218 (48.9) | 0.30 | 130 (56.0) | 137 (37.5) | <0.001 |
Family history of diabetes, N (%)* | 155 (15.9) | 74 (21.8) | 0.014 | 41 (22.9) | 155 (52.5) | <0.001 |
Clinical characteristics | ||||||
BMI z score* | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.2 ± 1.0 | 2 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
BMI percentiles, N (%)* | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
<85 | 961 (77.3) | 161 (36.3) | 179 (78.5) | 35 (9.7) | ||
85–95 | 197 (15.8) | 134 (30.2) | 34 (14.9) | 46 (12.7) | ||
≥95 | 85 (6.8) | 149 (33.6) | 15 (6.6) | 281(77.6) | ||
Waist (cm)† | 67.7 ± 0.3 | 83.0 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | 71.7 ± 1.1 | 103.1 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
Acanthosis, N (%)* | 27 (2.2) | 51 (11.8) | <0.001 | 9 (3.9) | 221(62.6) | <0.001 |
Insulin use, N (%)* | 1,228 (98.6) | 422 (94.6) | <0.001 | 210 (91.3) | 207 (56.9) | <0.001 |
DKA at onset, N (%)* | 270 (29.1) | 98 (29.9) | 0.79 | 39 (23.1) | 36 (13.1) | 0.007 |
Biochemical characteristics | ||||||
FCP (ng/mL), median (25th–75th) | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | <0.001 | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 3.4 (1.9–4.8) | <0.001 |
IS score | 11.9 ± 2.4 | 6.3 ± 1.5 | <0.001 | 12.2 ± 3.0 | 4.5 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
GADA-positive, N (%) | 859 (68.8) | 327 (73.3) | 0.08 | — | — | N/A |
GADA titers | , median (25th–75th)103.4 (16.3–418.5) | 106.6 (26.2–397.4) | 0.45 | 0 (0–8.2) | 0 (0–0) | N/A |
IA-2A positive, N (%) | 1,032 (82.7) | 351 (78.7) | 0.06 | — | — | N/A |
IA-2A titers, median (25th–75th) | 233.3 (29.7–438.3) | 290.7 (13.5–452.5) | 0.50 | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | N/A |
GADA and IA-2A positive, median (25th–75th) | 643 (51.5) | 232 (52.0) | 0.86 | — | — | N/A |
. | Autoimmune . | Nonautoimmune . | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IS . | IR . | P . | IS . | IR . | P . | |
N (%) | 1,248 (54.5) | 446 (19.5) | 232 (10.1) | 365 (15.9) | ||
Clinical diabetes type, N (%) | < 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Type 1 diabetes | 1,238 (99.2) | 412 (92.4) | 207 (89.2) | 86 (23.6) | ||
Type 2 diabetes/other | 10 (0.8) | 34 (7.6) | 25 (10.8) | 279 (76.4) | ||
HLA risk category, N (%)* | 0.12 | <0.001 | ||||
Susceptible | 547 (43.8) | 173 (38.8) | 57 (24.6) | 33 (9.0) | ||
Neutral | 567 (45.4) | 232 (52.0) | 130 (56.0) | 236 (64.7) | ||
Protective | 23 (1.8) | 8 (1.8) | 15 (6.5) | 53 (14.5) | ||
Insulin deficiency (FCP <0.4 ng/mL), N (%) | 487 (39.0) | 141 (31.6) | 0.005 | 75 (32.3) | 15 (4.1) | <0.001 |
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
NHW, N (%) | 979 (78.4) | 308 (69.1) | <0.001 | 172 (74.1) | 97 (26.6) | <0.001 |
Onset age (years) | 9.3 ± 3.7 | 12.9 ± 2.8 | <0.001 | 9.4 ± 4.1 | 13.9 ± 2.6 | <0.001 |
Onset age <10 years, N (%) | 660 (52.9) | 49 (11.0) | <0.001 | 117 (50.4) | 17 (4.7) | <0.001 |
Current age (years) | 10.4 ± 3.7 | 14.2 ± 2.9 | <0.001 | 10.5 ± 4.1 | 15.1 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
Diabetes duration (months) | 9.6 ± 5.9 | 11.5 ± 6.6 | <0.001 | 10.0 ± 6.2 | 11.3 ± 6.9 | 0.03 |
Male, N (%) | 646 (51.8) | 218 (48.9) | 0.30 | 130 (56.0) | 137 (37.5) | <0.001 |
Family history of diabetes, N (%)* | 155 (15.9) | 74 (21.8) | 0.014 | 41 (22.9) | 155 (52.5) | <0.001 |
Clinical characteristics | ||||||
BMI z score* | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.2 ± 1.0 | 2 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
BMI percentiles, N (%)* | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
<85 | 961 (77.3) | 161 (36.3) | 179 (78.5) | 35 (9.7) | ||
85–95 | 197 (15.8) | 134 (30.2) | 34 (14.9) | 46 (12.7) | ||
≥95 | 85 (6.8) | 149 (33.6) | 15 (6.6) | 281(77.6) | ||
Waist (cm)† | 67.7 ± 0.3 | 83.0 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | 71.7 ± 1.1 | 103.1 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
Acanthosis, N (%)* | 27 (2.2) | 51 (11.8) | <0.001 | 9 (3.9) | 221(62.6) | <0.001 |
Insulin use, N (%)* | 1,228 (98.6) | 422 (94.6) | <0.001 | 210 (91.3) | 207 (56.9) | <0.001 |
DKA at onset, N (%)* | 270 (29.1) | 98 (29.9) | 0.79 | 39 (23.1) | 36 (13.1) | 0.007 |
Biochemical characteristics | ||||||
FCP (ng/mL), median (25th–75th) | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | <0.001 | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 3.4 (1.9–4.8) | <0.001 |
IS score | 11.9 ± 2.4 | 6.3 ± 1.5 | <0.001 | 12.2 ± 3.0 | 4.5 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
GADA-positive, N (%) | 859 (68.8) | 327 (73.3) | 0.08 | — | — | N/A |
GADA titers | , median (25th–75th)103.4 (16.3–418.5) | 106.6 (26.2–397.4) | 0.45 | 0 (0–8.2) | 0 (0–0) | N/A |
IA-2A positive, N (%) | 1,032 (82.7) | 351 (78.7) | 0.06 | — | — | N/A |
IA-2A titers, median (25th–75th) | 233.3 (29.7–438.3) | 290.7 (13.5–452.5) | 0.50 | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | N/A |
GADA and IA-2A positive, median (25th–75th) | 643 (51.5) | 232 (52.0) | 0.86 | — | — | N/A |
Data are means ± SD unless otherwise noted. P for associations between IR and IS within each autoimmunity category. N/A, not applicable.
*Missing values.
†Adjusted for age and sex.