. | Maternal glucose metabolism and weight . | P* . | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDM . | OGTT normal . | Control . | ||||
Overweight . | Normal weight . | Overweight . | Normal weight . | |||
n† | 30–35 | 42–49 | 136–154 | 439–503 | 2,837–3,427 | |
Mothers | ||||||
Age (years) | 34.8 (32.8–36.9) | 27.4 (25.8–29.1) | 29.4 (28.5–30.3) | 27.2 (26.8–27.7) | 26.9 (26.7–27.0) | <0.001 |
Height (m) | 1.62 (1.60–1.64) | 1.63 (1.61–1.65) | 1.63 (1.62–1.64) | 1.64 (1.63–1.64) | 1.63 (1.63–1.63) | NS |
Weight (kg) | 75.9 (72.9–79.1) | 56.4 (54.5–58.4) | 76.8 (75.1–78.5) | 57.1 (56.5–57.6) | 56.0 (55.8–56.2) | <0.001 |
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 (28.1–29.9) | 21.2 (20.7–21.8) | 28.9 (28.4–29.5) | 21.3 (21.1–21.5) | 21.0 (20.9–21.1) | <0.001 |
% Nulliparous | 9.1 | 41.3 | 24.0 | 37.2 | 36.6 | <0.001 |
% Smoker | 11.4 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.3 | 18.3 | NS |
% Education <9 years | 20.0 | 2.2 | 9.3 | 5.1 | 4.4 | <0.001 |
Fathers | ||||||
Height (m) | 1.77 (1.74–1.79) | 1.78 (1.76–1.80) | 1.76 (1.75–1.78) | 1.77 (1.76–1.78) | 1.77 (1.77–1.77) | NS |
Weight (kg) | 83.0 (77.8–88.5) | 76.4 (73.0–80.0) | 75.3 (73.5–77.0) | 74.6 (73.8–75.5) | 73.9 (73.6–74.2) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 (25.3–28.1) | 24.3 (23.4–25.1) | 24.2 (23.8–24.6) | 23.8 (23.6–24.1) | 23.7 (23.6–23.8) | <0.001 |
% Overweight | 56.7 | 38.1 | 36.0 | 32.0 | 28.3 | 0.001 |
% Smoker | 31.3 | 42.9 | 38.4 | 35.8 | 37.8 | NS |
Children | ||||||
Newborn | ||||||
Gestational age (weeks) | 38.5 (37.8–39.1) | 39.0 (38.6–39.5) | 39.4 (39.1–39.6) | 39.5 (39.4–39.7) | 39.5 (39.4–39.5) | 0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 3.70 (3.49–3.92) | 3.67 (3.53–3.82) | 3.78 (3.68–3.88) | 3.69 (3.64–3.74) | 3.48 (3.46–3.50) | <0.001 |
% Male | 60.0 | 55.1 | 55.8 | 52.1 | 49.5 | NS |
% SGA | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 2.2 | NS |
% LGA | 8.6 | 2.0 | 10.4 | 6.2 | 0.4 | <0.001 |
Age 16 years | ||||||
Height (m) | 1.72 (1.69–1.74) | 1.71 (1.69–1.74) | 1.71 (1.69–1.72) | 1.70 (1.69–1.71) | 1.69 (1.69–1.69) | 0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 66.7 (61.9–72.0) | 61.6 (58.6–64.8) | 65.2 (63.1–67.4) | 59.8 (58.9–60.8) | 58.9 (58.6–59.2) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 (21.3–24.1) | 21.0 (20.5–21.5) | 22.4 (21.8–23.1) | 20.7 (20.5–21.0) | 20.7 (20.6–20.8) | <0.001 |
Waist (cm) | 77.4 (73.1–82.0) | 74.6 (72.1–77.3) | 77.4 (75.7–79.2) | 72.9 (72.3–73.6) | 72.6 (72.4–72.9) | <0.001 |
. | Maternal glucose metabolism and weight . | P* . | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDM . | OGTT normal . | Control . | ||||
Overweight . | Normal weight . | Overweight . | Normal weight . | |||
n† | 30–35 | 42–49 | 136–154 | 439–503 | 2,837–3,427 | |
Mothers | ||||||
Age (years) | 34.8 (32.8–36.9) | 27.4 (25.8–29.1) | 29.4 (28.5–30.3) | 27.2 (26.8–27.7) | 26.9 (26.7–27.0) | <0.001 |
Height (m) | 1.62 (1.60–1.64) | 1.63 (1.61–1.65) | 1.63 (1.62–1.64) | 1.64 (1.63–1.64) | 1.63 (1.63–1.63) | NS |
Weight (kg) | 75.9 (72.9–79.1) | 56.4 (54.5–58.4) | 76.8 (75.1–78.5) | 57.1 (56.5–57.6) | 56.0 (55.8–56.2) | <0.001 |
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 (28.1–29.9) | 21.2 (20.7–21.8) | 28.9 (28.4–29.5) | 21.3 (21.1–21.5) | 21.0 (20.9–21.1) | <0.001 |
% Nulliparous | 9.1 | 41.3 | 24.0 | 37.2 | 36.6 | <0.001 |
% Smoker | 11.4 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.3 | 18.3 | NS |
% Education <9 years | 20.0 | 2.2 | 9.3 | 5.1 | 4.4 | <0.001 |
Fathers | ||||||
Height (m) | 1.77 (1.74–1.79) | 1.78 (1.76–1.80) | 1.76 (1.75–1.78) | 1.77 (1.76–1.78) | 1.77 (1.77–1.77) | NS |
Weight (kg) | 83.0 (77.8–88.5) | 76.4 (73.0–80.0) | 75.3 (73.5–77.0) | 74.6 (73.8–75.5) | 73.9 (73.6–74.2) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 (25.3–28.1) | 24.3 (23.4–25.1) | 24.2 (23.8–24.6) | 23.8 (23.6–24.1) | 23.7 (23.6–23.8) | <0.001 |
% Overweight | 56.7 | 38.1 | 36.0 | 32.0 | 28.3 | 0.001 |
% Smoker | 31.3 | 42.9 | 38.4 | 35.8 | 37.8 | NS |
Children | ||||||
Newborn | ||||||
Gestational age (weeks) | 38.5 (37.8–39.1) | 39.0 (38.6–39.5) | 39.4 (39.1–39.6) | 39.5 (39.4–39.7) | 39.5 (39.4–39.5) | 0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 3.70 (3.49–3.92) | 3.67 (3.53–3.82) | 3.78 (3.68–3.88) | 3.69 (3.64–3.74) | 3.48 (3.46–3.50) | <0.001 |
% Male | 60.0 | 55.1 | 55.8 | 52.1 | 49.5 | NS |
% SGA | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 2.2 | NS |
% LGA | 8.6 | 2.0 | 10.4 | 6.2 | 0.4 | <0.001 |
Age 16 years | ||||||
Height (m) | 1.72 (1.69–1.74) | 1.71 (1.69–1.74) | 1.71 (1.69–1.72) | 1.70 (1.69–1.71) | 1.69 (1.69–1.69) | 0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 66.7 (61.9–72.0) | 61.6 (58.6–64.8) | 65.2 (63.1–67.4) | 59.8 (58.9–60.8) | 58.9 (58.6–59.2) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 (21.3–24.1) | 21.0 (20.5–21.5) | 22.4 (21.8–23.1) | 20.7 (20.5–21.0) | 20.7 (20.6–20.8) | <0.001 |
Waist (cm) | 77.4 (73.1–82.0) | 74.6 (72.1–77.3) | 77.4 (75.7–79.2) | 72.9 (72.3–73.6) | 72.6 (72.4–72.9) | <0.001 |
Data are geometric means (95% CI) for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables.
*P value for difference between groups from ANOVA for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.
†n varies due to incomplete data, most often missing paternal BMI. NS, not significant.