. | GHb <6% . | 6% ≤ GHb <7% . | 7% ≤ GHb <8% . | GHb ≥8% . |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall population (n = 19,025) | ||||
No. deaths/no. participants | 2,174/15,974 | 520/1,937 | 120/362 | 244/752 |
All-cause mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 9.7 (8.65–26.63) | 31.0 (25.7–81.4) | 48.8 (33.5–114.5) | 45.1 (28.0–99.9) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.8 (1.4–2.5) | 2.6 (1.9–3.8) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.7 (1.3–2.4) | 2.6 (1.9–3.6) |
Heart disease mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 2.9 (2.5–7.7) | 13.3 (9.7–32.3) | 14.7 (7.3–28.0) | 18.5 (10.6–39.3) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 1.9 (1.1–3.1) | 3.4 (2.0–6.1) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | 3.4 (2.0–5.8) |
Cancer mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 2.6 (2.2–6.9) | 5.9 (3.8–13.3) | 8.1 (2.1–12.2) | 14.82 (0.001–14.0) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.80 (0.6–1.2) | 1.03 (0.4–2.5) | 2.90 (1.1–7.9) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.73 (0.5–1.1) | 0.93 (0.4–2.2) | 2.64 (1.2–6.0) |
Diagnosed diabetes (n = 1,455) | ||||
No. deaths/no. participants | 109/336 | 125/317 | 90/221 | 221/581 |
All-cause mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 35.1 (19.3–72.9) | 58.6 (40.2–137.4) | 58.8 (37.0–131.4) | 55.74 (35.61–125.54) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 1.4 (0.7–2.5) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 1.7 (1.0–2.7) |
Heart disease mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 11.0 (5.1–21.0) | 32.6 (18.9–69.6) | 15.9 (5.4–26.6) | 23.0 (13.3–125.5) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 2.3 (1.2–4.4) | 1.4 (0.6–5.1) | 2.3 (1.0–5.1) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.9 (1.0–3.7) | 1.1 (0.4–2.7) | 2.5 (1.1–5.6) |
Cancer mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 12.6 (0.001–10.9) | 5.0 (1.4–7.7) | 8.7 (0.001–8.4) | 18.1 (0.001–15.7) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.22 (0.04–1.05) | 0.49 (0.09–2.65) | 1.38 (0.29–6.67) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.20 (0.05–0.90) | 0.43 (0.08–2.28) | 1.04 (0.25–4.24) |
Nondiabetic population (n = 17,570) | ||||
No. deaths/no. participants | 2065/15638 | 368/1,620 | 30/141 | 23/171 |
All-cause mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 9.3 (8.3–25.5) | 26.3 (20.8–67.0) | 34.3 (51.6–64.9) | 8.9 (3.7–16.1) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) |
Heart disease mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 2.5 (2.0–6.4) | 6.0 (3.8–13.6) | 7.2 (0.1–7.3) | 3.9 (0.1–4.0) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.5 (0.1–2.1) | 0.8 (0.3–2.4) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.6 (0.1–2.3) | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) |
Cancer mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 2.5 (2.0–6.4) | 6.0 (3.8–13.6) | 7.2 (0.1–7.3) | 3.9 (0.1–4.0) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.5 (0.1–2.1) | 0.8 (0.3–2.4) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.6 (0.1–2.3) | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) |
. | GHb <6% . | 6% ≤ GHb <7% . | 7% ≤ GHb <8% . | GHb ≥8% . |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall population (n = 19,025) | ||||
No. deaths/no. participants | 2,174/15,974 | 520/1,937 | 120/362 | 244/752 |
All-cause mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 9.7 (8.65–26.63) | 31.0 (25.7–81.4) | 48.8 (33.5–114.5) | 45.1 (28.0–99.9) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.8 (1.4–2.5) | 2.6 (1.9–3.8) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.7 (1.3–2.4) | 2.6 (1.9–3.6) |
Heart disease mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 2.9 (2.5–7.7) | 13.3 (9.7–32.3) | 14.7 (7.3–28.0) | 18.5 (10.6–39.3) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 1.9 (1.1–3.1) | 3.4 (2.0–6.1) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | 3.4 (2.0–5.8) |
Cancer mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 2.6 (2.2–6.9) | 5.9 (3.8–13.3) | 8.1 (2.1–12.2) | 14.82 (0.001–14.0) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.80 (0.6–1.2) | 1.03 (0.4–2.5) | 2.90 (1.1–7.9) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.73 (0.5–1.1) | 0.93 (0.4–2.2) | 2.64 (1.2–6.0) |
Diagnosed diabetes (n = 1,455) | ||||
No. deaths/no. participants | 109/336 | 125/317 | 90/221 | 221/581 |
All-cause mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 35.1 (19.3–72.9) | 58.6 (40.2–137.4) | 58.8 (37.0–131.4) | 55.74 (35.61–125.54) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 1.4 (0.7–2.5) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 1.7 (1.0–2.7) |
Heart disease mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 11.0 (5.1–21.0) | 32.6 (18.9–69.6) | 15.9 (5.4–26.6) | 23.0 (13.3–125.5) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 2.3 (1.2–4.4) | 1.4 (0.6–5.1) | 2.3 (1.0–5.1) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.9 (1.0–3.7) | 1.1 (0.4–2.7) | 2.5 (1.1–5.6) |
Cancer mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 12.6 (0.001–10.9) | 5.0 (1.4–7.7) | 8.7 (0.001–8.4) | 18.1 (0.001–15.7) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.22 (0.04–1.05) | 0.49 (0.09–2.65) | 1.38 (0.29–6.67) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.20 (0.05–0.90) | 0.43 (0.08–2.28) | 1.04 (0.25–4.24) |
Nondiabetic population (n = 17,570) | ||||
No. deaths/no. participants | 2065/15638 | 368/1,620 | 30/141 | 23/171 |
All-cause mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 9.3 (8.3–25.5) | 26.3 (20.8–67.0) | 34.3 (51.6–64.9) | 8.9 (3.7–16.1) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) |
Heart disease mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 2.5 (2.0–6.4) | 6.0 (3.8–13.6) | 7.2 (0.1–7.3) | 3.9 (0.1–4.0) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.5 (0.1–2.1) | 0.8 (0.3–2.4) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.6 (0.1–2.3) | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) |
Cancer mortality | ||||
Mortality per 1,000 person-years | 2.5 (2.0–6.4) | 6.0 (3.8–13.6) | 7.2 (0.1–7.3) | 3.9 (0.1–4.0) |
Model 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.5 (0.1–2.1) | 0.8 (0.3–2.4) |
Model 2 | 1.0 (reference) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.6 (0.1–2.3) | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) |
Model 1: with age as the time scale, adjusted for sex, and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, or other). Model 2: with age as the time scale, adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, or other), education (less than high school, high school graduate, or some college or higher), smoking status (current, past, or never), BMI (continuous), systolic blood pressure (continuous), and HDL cholesterol (continuous).