. | NHC . | COC . | DMPA . | P* . |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 448 | 430 | 94 | |
Baseline characteristics | ||||
Treated with insulin during index pregnancy (%) | 9.6 | 13.1 | 11.7 | 0.28 |
Median month from index delivery | 1.4 (1.3–1.7) | 1.4 (1.3–1.6)a | 1.5 (1.3–1.8)a | 0.005 |
Age (years) | 31.3 ± 5.7a,b | 29.0 ± 5.5a | 29.8 ± 5.3b | <0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 5.0a | 28.3 ± 4.4a,b | 30.4 ± 6.2b | 0.0002 |
Parity | 2.9 ± 1.7a | 2.3 ± 1.3a | 2.6 ± 1.5 | <0.0001 |
Diabetes in family (%) | 8.3a | 10.2a | 22.3a,b | 0.0003 |
Breastfeeding (%) | 7.4a,b | 0a,c | 23.9b,c | <0.0001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 93 ± 10 | 92 ± 11 | 92 ± 10 | 0.12 |
OGTT glucose AUC (mg/dl × min × 10−3)† | 16.7 ± 3.3a | 16.4 ± 3.4 | 15.7 ± 3.0a | 0.03 |
SBP (mmHg) | 114 ± 13 | 112 ± 11 | 114 ± 13 | 0.05 |
DBP (mmHg) | 69 ± 11 | 68 ± 10 | 66 ± 10 | 0.09 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 133 ± 35a | 126 ± 32a | 133 ± 33 | 0.01 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 44 ± 11a | 45 ± 11b | 39 ± 11a,b | <0.0001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 178 ± 124 | 180 ± 101a | 151 ± 85a | 0.01 |
Characteristics during study period | ||||
Median months of follow-up on continuous contraceptive method | 20.3 (12.6–36.5)a,b | 12.0 (6.2–27.2)a | 11.2 (6.0–16.2)b | <0.0001 |
Annual weight gain (kg/year) | 1.2 ± 4.7a | 0.7 ± 6.0b | 4.3 ± 6.9a,b | <0.0001 |
. | NHC . | COC . | DMPA . | P* . |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 448 | 430 | 94 | |
Baseline characteristics | ||||
Treated with insulin during index pregnancy (%) | 9.6 | 13.1 | 11.7 | 0.28 |
Median month from index delivery | 1.4 (1.3–1.7) | 1.4 (1.3–1.6)a | 1.5 (1.3–1.8)a | 0.005 |
Age (years) | 31.3 ± 5.7a,b | 29.0 ± 5.5a | 29.8 ± 5.3b | <0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 5.0a | 28.3 ± 4.4a,b | 30.4 ± 6.2b | 0.0002 |
Parity | 2.9 ± 1.7a | 2.3 ± 1.3a | 2.6 ± 1.5 | <0.0001 |
Diabetes in family (%) | 8.3a | 10.2a | 22.3a,b | 0.0003 |
Breastfeeding (%) | 7.4a,b | 0a,c | 23.9b,c | <0.0001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 93 ± 10 | 92 ± 11 | 92 ± 10 | 0.12 |
OGTT glucose AUC (mg/dl × min × 10−3)† | 16.7 ± 3.3a | 16.4 ± 3.4 | 15.7 ± 3.0a | 0.03 |
SBP (mmHg) | 114 ± 13 | 112 ± 11 | 114 ± 13 | 0.05 |
DBP (mmHg) | 69 ± 11 | 68 ± 10 | 66 ± 10 | 0.09 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 133 ± 35a | 126 ± 32a | 133 ± 33 | 0.01 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 44 ± 11a | 45 ± 11b | 39 ± 11a,b | <0.0001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 178 ± 124 | 180 ± 101a | 151 ± 85a | 0.01 |
Characteristics during study period | ||||
Median months of follow-up on continuous contraceptive method | 20.3 (12.6–36.5)a,b | 12.0 (6.2–27.2)a | 11.2 (6.0–16.2)b | <0.0001 |
Annual weight gain (kg/year) | 1.2 ± 4.7a | 0.7 ± 6.0b | 4.3 ± 6.9a,b | <0.0001 |
Data are frequency (%), median (lower quartile–upper quartile), or means ± SD.
From ANOVA or χ2 or Fisher's exact test to test for any difference among the three groups. For triglyceride, log transformation was applied prior to analysis.
Total area under glucose curve, calculated by trapezoid rule. a, b, c: groups that share the same letter are significantly different after Bonferroni multiple comparison adjustment, as described in research design and methods.