Groups . | 1 . | 2 . | 3 . | 4 . | 5 . | Entire group . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1C (%) | <6.5 | 6.5–6.9 | 7–7.9 | 8–8.9 | ≥9 | |
Patients tested (n) | 30 | 17 | 32 | 25 | 26 | 130 |
Age (years) | 58.7 ± 1.9 | 57.9 ± 1.7 | 59.6 ± 1.8 | 59.3 ± 2.2 | 61.4 ± 1.8 | 59.9 ± 0.8 |
M/F ratio | 28/2 | 15/2 | 25/7 | 18/7 | 14/12 | 100/30 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.0 ± 1.1 | 29.8 ± 1.5 | 28.6 ± 0.7 | 26.3 ± 0.9 | 32.1 ± 1.0 | 29.6 ± 0.5 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 ± 3 | 141 ± 5 | 137 ± 3 | 133 ± 4 | 138 ± 3 | 137 ± 2 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83 ± 2 | 82 ± 3 | 79 ± 2 | 77 ± 2 | 78 ± 3 | 80 ± 1 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 2.3 | 8.4 ± 1.4 | 10.0 ± 2.2 | 11.5 ± 1.7 | 7.0 ± 0.8 |
Dietary intakes | ||||||
Energy (kcal/day) | 2,252 ± 94 | 2,299 ± 111 | 2,018 ± 71 | 2,041 ± 66 | 1,795 ± 80 | 2,069 ± 40 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 263 ± 13 | 273 ± 15 | 235 ± 10 | 242 ± 8 | 205 ± 10 | 242 ± 5 |
Fats (g/day) | 88 ± 4 | 89 ± 4 | 78 ± 3 | 79 ± 3 | 69 ± 3 | 80 ± 2 |
Proteins (g/day) | 103 ± 3 | 101 ± 5 | 93 ± 3 | 90 ± 4 | 84 ± 3 | 94 ± 2 |
Glycemic index values | ||||||
Breakfast | 79 ± 0 | 78 ± 0 | 79 ± 0 | 79 ± 0 | 80 ± 1 | 79 ± 0 |
Lunch | 73 ± 0 | 72 ± 1 | 74 ± 1 | 73 ± 1 | 75 ± 1 | 74 ± 0 |
Dinner | 70 ± 0 | 71 ± 1 | 71 ± 1 | 71 ± 1 | 73 ± 1 | 71 ± 0 |
Timing of meals | ||||||
Breakfast | 7:48 ± 0:12 | 8:19 ± 0:26 | 8:00 ± 0:09 | 8:08 ± 0:11 | 8:17 ± 0:13 | 8:05 ± 0:06 |
Lunch | 13:11 ± 0:15 | 13:22 ± 0:16 | 12:37 ± 0:07 | 12:58 ± 0:09 | 12:48 ± 0:09 | 12:58 ± 0:05 |
Dinner | 19:05 ± 0:15 | 19:25 ± 0:16 | 19:30 ± 0:10 | 20:08 ± 0:12 | 19:32 ± 0:09 | 19:31 ± 0:06 |
Diabetes treatment | ||||||
Diet alone | 29 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 52 |
Sulfonylurea alone | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
Metformin alone | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 9 |
Combination (sulfonylurea and metformin) | 1 | 5 | 20 | 17 | 22 | 65 |
Other treatments | ||||||
Lipid-lowering drugs | 18 | 7 | 13 | 9 | 14 | 61 |
Antihypertensive drugs | 14 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 45 |
A1C (%) | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 8.4 ± 0.1 | 10.1 ± 0.2 | 7.7 ± 0.1 |
Groups . | 1 . | 2 . | 3 . | 4 . | 5 . | Entire group . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1C (%) | <6.5 | 6.5–6.9 | 7–7.9 | 8–8.9 | ≥9 | |
Patients tested (n) | 30 | 17 | 32 | 25 | 26 | 130 |
Age (years) | 58.7 ± 1.9 | 57.9 ± 1.7 | 59.6 ± 1.8 | 59.3 ± 2.2 | 61.4 ± 1.8 | 59.9 ± 0.8 |
M/F ratio | 28/2 | 15/2 | 25/7 | 18/7 | 14/12 | 100/30 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.0 ± 1.1 | 29.8 ± 1.5 | 28.6 ± 0.7 | 26.3 ± 0.9 | 32.1 ± 1.0 | 29.6 ± 0.5 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 ± 3 | 141 ± 5 | 137 ± 3 | 133 ± 4 | 138 ± 3 | 137 ± 2 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83 ± 2 | 82 ± 3 | 79 ± 2 | 77 ± 2 | 78 ± 3 | 80 ± 1 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 2.3 | 8.4 ± 1.4 | 10.0 ± 2.2 | 11.5 ± 1.7 | 7.0 ± 0.8 |
Dietary intakes | ||||||
Energy (kcal/day) | 2,252 ± 94 | 2,299 ± 111 | 2,018 ± 71 | 2,041 ± 66 | 1,795 ± 80 | 2,069 ± 40 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 263 ± 13 | 273 ± 15 | 235 ± 10 | 242 ± 8 | 205 ± 10 | 242 ± 5 |
Fats (g/day) | 88 ± 4 | 89 ± 4 | 78 ± 3 | 79 ± 3 | 69 ± 3 | 80 ± 2 |
Proteins (g/day) | 103 ± 3 | 101 ± 5 | 93 ± 3 | 90 ± 4 | 84 ± 3 | 94 ± 2 |
Glycemic index values | ||||||
Breakfast | 79 ± 0 | 78 ± 0 | 79 ± 0 | 79 ± 0 | 80 ± 1 | 79 ± 0 |
Lunch | 73 ± 0 | 72 ± 1 | 74 ± 1 | 73 ± 1 | 75 ± 1 | 74 ± 0 |
Dinner | 70 ± 0 | 71 ± 1 | 71 ± 1 | 71 ± 1 | 73 ± 1 | 71 ± 0 |
Timing of meals | ||||||
Breakfast | 7:48 ± 0:12 | 8:19 ± 0:26 | 8:00 ± 0:09 | 8:08 ± 0:11 | 8:17 ± 0:13 | 8:05 ± 0:06 |
Lunch | 13:11 ± 0:15 | 13:22 ± 0:16 | 12:37 ± 0:07 | 12:58 ± 0:09 | 12:48 ± 0:09 | 12:58 ± 0:05 |
Dinner | 19:05 ± 0:15 | 19:25 ± 0:16 | 19:30 ± 0:10 | 20:08 ± 0:12 | 19:32 ± 0:09 | 19:31 ± 0:06 |
Diabetes treatment | ||||||
Diet alone | 29 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 52 |
Sulfonylurea alone | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
Metformin alone | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 9 |
Combination (sulfonylurea and metformin) | 1 | 5 | 20 | 17 | 22 | 65 |
Other treatments | ||||||
Lipid-lowering drugs | 18 | 7 | 13 | 9 | 14 | 61 |
Antihypertensive drugs | 14 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 45 |
A1C (%) | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 8.4 ± 0.1 | 10.1 ± 0.2 | 7.7 ± 0.1 |
Data are means ± SE or n.