Predictor . | Outcome at follow-up . | . | |
---|---|---|---|
. | Retinopathy . | Microalbuminuria . | |
Autonomic test variables at baseline | |||
Deep breathing HR variation | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | |
Deep breathing HR variation in LQ | 1.20 (0.46–3.11) | 1.64 (0.57–4.72) | |
Valsalva ratio | 0.48 (0.20–1.17) | 0.72 (0.23–2.28) | |
Valsalva ratio in LQ | 1.73 (0.62–4.84) | 1.59 (0.53–4.78) | |
30/15 ratio | 1.55 (0.28–8.58) | 2.29 (0.31–17.19) | |
30/15 ratio in LQ | 1.24 (0.46–3.34) | 1.48 (0.50–4.43) | |
Systolic BP change | 1.03 (0.97–1.08) | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | |
Systolic BP change in LQ | 0.57 (0.23–1.42) | 0.53 (0.14–1.99) | |
Any cardiovascular variable in LQ | 1.31 (0.55–3.14) | 0.83 (0.29–2.34) | |
Resting pupil diameter* | 0.43 (0.21–0.87), P = 0.018 | 0.42 (0.21–0.87), P = 0.019 | |
Resting pupil diameter in LQ* | 4.43 (1.22–16.11), P = 0.024 | 2.89 (1.02–8.15), P = 0.045 | |
Reflex amplitude | 0.48 (0.15–1.47) | 0.45 (0.12–1.65) | |
Reflex amplitude in LQ | 0.89 (0.35–2.26) | 1.64 (0.57–4.72) | |
Maximum constriction velocity | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) | 0.82 (0.56–1.22) | |
Maximum constriction velocity in LQ | 1.12 (0.43–2.91) | 1.30 (0.44–3.85) | |
Any pupillary variable in LQ* | 1.95 (0.83–4.56) | 3.94 (1.20–12.92), P = 0.024 | |
Physiological characteristics at baseline | |||
Age | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | |
Duration of diabetes | 0.998 (0.89–1.13) | 0.995 (0.86–1.15) | |
A1C* | 1.64 (1.06–2.52), P = 0.026 | 2.08 (1.29–3.35), P = 0.0026 | |
Systolic BP percentile | 0.996 (0.98–1.01) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | |
Diastolic BP percentile | 1.02 (0.998–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | |
BMI SD score | 1.45 (0.81–2.59) | 1.01 (0.50–2.04) | |
Physiological characteristics at follow-up | |||
Age | 0.99 (0.80–1.24) | 0.87 (0.67–1.14) | |
Duration of diabetes | 1.03 (0.90–1.19) | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) | |
A1C* | 1.75 (1.19–2.56), P = 0.0043 | 1.72 (1.12–2.65), P = 0.014 | |
Systolic BP percentile* | 0.996 (0.98–1.01) | 1.03 (1.004–1.05), P = 0.023 | |
Diastolic BP percentile | 1.000 (0.98–1.02) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | |
BMI SD score | 0.70 (0.32–1.54) | 1.16 (0.51–2.67) |
Predictor . | Outcome at follow-up . | . | |
---|---|---|---|
. | Retinopathy . | Microalbuminuria . | |
Autonomic test variables at baseline | |||
Deep breathing HR variation | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | |
Deep breathing HR variation in LQ | 1.20 (0.46–3.11) | 1.64 (0.57–4.72) | |
Valsalva ratio | 0.48 (0.20–1.17) | 0.72 (0.23–2.28) | |
Valsalva ratio in LQ | 1.73 (0.62–4.84) | 1.59 (0.53–4.78) | |
30/15 ratio | 1.55 (0.28–8.58) | 2.29 (0.31–17.19) | |
30/15 ratio in LQ | 1.24 (0.46–3.34) | 1.48 (0.50–4.43) | |
Systolic BP change | 1.03 (0.97–1.08) | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | |
Systolic BP change in LQ | 0.57 (0.23–1.42) | 0.53 (0.14–1.99) | |
Any cardiovascular variable in LQ | 1.31 (0.55–3.14) | 0.83 (0.29–2.34) | |
Resting pupil diameter* | 0.43 (0.21–0.87), P = 0.018 | 0.42 (0.21–0.87), P = 0.019 | |
Resting pupil diameter in LQ* | 4.43 (1.22–16.11), P = 0.024 | 2.89 (1.02–8.15), P = 0.045 | |
Reflex amplitude | 0.48 (0.15–1.47) | 0.45 (0.12–1.65) | |
Reflex amplitude in LQ | 0.89 (0.35–2.26) | 1.64 (0.57–4.72) | |
Maximum constriction velocity | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) | 0.82 (0.56–1.22) | |
Maximum constriction velocity in LQ | 1.12 (0.43–2.91) | 1.30 (0.44–3.85) | |
Any pupillary variable in LQ* | 1.95 (0.83–4.56) | 3.94 (1.20–12.92), P = 0.024 | |
Physiological characteristics at baseline | |||
Age | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | |
Duration of diabetes | 0.998 (0.89–1.13) | 0.995 (0.86–1.15) | |
A1C* | 1.64 (1.06–2.52), P = 0.026 | 2.08 (1.29–3.35), P = 0.0026 | |
Systolic BP percentile | 0.996 (0.98–1.01) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | |
Diastolic BP percentile | 1.02 (0.998–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | |
BMI SD score | 1.45 (0.81–2.59) | 1.01 (0.50–2.04) | |
Physiological characteristics at follow-up | |||
Age | 0.99 (0.80–1.24) | 0.87 (0.67–1.14) | |
Duration of diabetes | 1.03 (0.90–1.19) | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) | |
A1C* | 1.75 (1.19–2.56), P = 0.0043 | 1.72 (1.12–2.65), P = 0.014 | |
Systolic BP percentile* | 0.996 (0.98–1.01) | 1.03 (1.004–1.05), P = 0.023 | |
Diastolic BP percentile | 1.000 (0.98–1.02) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | |
BMI SD score | 0.70 (0.32–1.54) | 1.16 (0.51–2.67) |
Data are ORs (95% CIs). P values are included when significant;
P < 0.05. BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; LQ, lower quartile.