. | Participants . | Nonparticipants . | P value . |
---|---|---|---|
n | 137 | 196 | |
Age (years) | 14.5 | 14.9 | 0.22 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 7.1 | 6.2 | 0.31 |
Complications (%) | |||
Retinopathy | 47 | 40 | 0.47 |
Any pupillary variable <5th percentile* | 20 | 25 | 0.26 |
Any cardiac variable <5th percentile† | 23 | 27 | 0.42 |
Microalbuminuria (AER) | 6 | 7 | 0.66 |
A1C (%) | 8.2 | 8.5 | 0.031 |
. | Participants . | Nonparticipants . | P value . |
---|---|---|---|
n | 137 | 196 | |
Age (years) | 14.5 | 14.9 | 0.22 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 7.1 | 6.2 | 0.31 |
Complications (%) | |||
Retinopathy | 47 | 40 | 0.47 |
Any pupillary variable <5th percentile* | 20 | 25 | 0.26 |
Any cardiac variable <5th percentile† | 23 | 27 | 0.42 |
Microalbuminuria (AER) | 6 | 7 | 0.66 |
A1C (%) | 8.2 | 8.5 | 0.031 |
Abnormal resting pupil diameter (<5.3 mm), reflex amplitude (<1.7 mm), and maximum constriction velocity (<5.0 mm/s).
Abnormal deep breathing heart rate variation [<34.791 − (0.9708 × age)], Valsalva ratio (<1.48), 30/15 ratio (<1.09), and systolic blood pressure drop (>14 mmHg). AER, albumin excretion rate.