M/M events (n = 1,997) . | ID events (n = 810) . | MET events (n = 187) . | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor . | OR . | Numerical score . | Predictor . | OR . | Numerical score . | Predictor . | OR . | Numerical score . |
Outpatient M/M diag- | Inpatient events (1994–1995) | Inpatient MET events (1994– | ||||||
noses (1994–1995) | No | 1.00 | 1995) | |||||
No | 1.00 | Yes | 2.64* | 3 | No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 2.70* | 3 | Outpatient M/M diagnoses | Yes | 6.90* | 3 | ||
Inpatient M/M events | (1994–1995) | Diabetes treatment | ||||||
(1994–1995) | No | 1.00 | Diet only (reference) | 1.00 | ||||
No | 1.00 | Yes | 1.45* | 1 | Oral agents only | 0.40† | −3 | |
Yes | 1.70* | 2 | Age (one decade) | 1.34* | ‡ | Insulin and oral agents | 0.52 | |
Age (one decade) | 1.24* | ‡ | Number of visits to specialists | Insulin only | 1.60† | 2 | ||
Antihypertensives | None (reference) | 1.00 | Mean HbA1c (1994–1995) | |||||
None (reference) | 1.00 | 1–3 | 1.09 | <7.0% (reference) | 1.00 | |||
One | 1.21† | 1 | 4–6 | 1.31 | 7–8% | 1.29 | ||
Two or more | 1.58* | 2 | ≥7 | 1.67* | 2 | 9–10% | 1.93 | |
Serum creatinine | Serum creatinine | ≥10% | 5.07* | 3 | ||||
<1.0 mg/dl | 1.00 | <1.0 (reference) | 1.00 | Missing | 2.29 | |||
1.0–1.3 | 1.16 | 1.0–1.3 | 1.13 | Age (one decade) | 0.81* | ‡ | ||
1.3–1.5 | 1.24 | 1.3–1.5 | 1.74§ | 2 | Emergency department visit | |||
1.5–2.0 | 1.46§ | 1 | 1.5–2.0 | 1.85* | 2 | (1994–1995) | ||
>2.0 | 1.82* | 2 | >2.0 | 2.49* | 3 | No | 1.00 | |
Missing | 0.86 | Missing | 0.78 | Yes | 2.04§ | 3 | ||
Diabetes treatment | Outpatient ID diagnoses | Obesity status | ||||||
Diet only (reference) | 1.00 | (1994–1995) | Lean (reference) | 1.00 | ||||
Oral agents only | 1.09 | No | 1.00 | Obese | 0.39* | −3 | ||
Insulin and oral | 1.06 | Yes | 1.81* | 2 | Morbidly obese | 0.21* | −3 | |
agents | Nonmaternity hospitalizations | BMI missing | 1.04 | |||||
Insulin only | 1.42* | 1 | (1993–1995) | Race | ||||
Mean HbA1c (1994– | No | 1.00 | White (reference) | 1.00 | ||||
1995) | Yes | 1.37§ | 1 | Black | 1.00 | |||
<7.0% (reference) | 1.00 | Treatment | Hispanic/Latino | 0.67 | ||||
7–8% | 1.11 | Diet only (reference) | 1.00 | Asian | 0.22† | −3 | ||
8–10% | 1.33§ | 1 | Oral agents only | 1.02 | Native American/Other | 1.00 | ||
≥10% | 1.70* | 2 | Insulin and oral agents | 1.41† | 1 | Missing | 0.90 | |
Missing | 1.22 | Insulin only | 1.47§ | 1 | Inpatient M/M events (1994– | |||
Albuminuria | 1995) | |||||||
Absent | 1.00 | No | 1.00 | |||||
Present | 1.25§ | 1 | Yes | 1.76† | 2 | |||
Missing | 1.24§ | 1 | Sex | |||||
Primary care visits | Female | 1.00 | ||||||
None (reference) | 1.00 | Male | 0.61† | −2 | ||||
1–3 | 1.13 | Smoking status | ||||||
4–6 | 1.17 | Nonsmoker (reference) | 1.00 | |||||
>7 | 1.43† | 1 | Ex-smoker | 1.02 | ||||
Outpatient diagnosis | Current smoker | 1.58‖ | 2 | |||||
of obesity | Missing | 0.72 | ||||||
No | 1.00 | Use of antilipemic | ||||||
Yes | 0.73§ | – | medications | |||||
Outpatient ID diagnoses | No | 1.00 | ||||||
No | 1.00 | Yes | 0.48§ | −3 | ||||
Yes | 1.25§ | –1 | Mean LDL cholesterol | |||||
Mean total cholesterol | <160 mg/dl (reference) | 1.00 | ||||||
<240 mg/dl (reference) | 1.00 | ≥160 mg/dl | 2.02† | 3 | ||||
≥240 mg/dl | 1.27§ | 1 | Missing | 1.04 | ||||
Missing | 1.07 | |||||||
Self-report of neuropathy | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||||
Yes | 1.26§ | 1 | ||||||
Missing | 1.06 | |||||||
Education | ||||||||
<9 years | 1.11 | |||||||
9–11 years | 0.89 | |||||||
High-school graduate | 1.00 | |||||||
Some college | 0.99 | |||||||
College graduate | 0.97 | |||||||
Graduate school | 0.76† | −1 | ||||||
Missing | 1.08 | |||||||
Type of diabetes | ||||||||
Type 2 (reference) | 1.00 | |||||||
Type 1 | 0.64† | −2 | ||||||
Uncertain | 0.71 | |||||||
Missing | 1.02 | |||||||
Sex | ||||||||
Female | 1.00 | |||||||
Male | 1.13 |
M/M events (n = 1,997) . | ID events (n = 810) . | MET events (n = 187) . | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor . | OR . | Numerical score . | Predictor . | OR . | Numerical score . | Predictor . | OR . | Numerical score . |
Outpatient M/M diag- | Inpatient events (1994–1995) | Inpatient MET events (1994– | ||||||
noses (1994–1995) | No | 1.00 | 1995) | |||||
No | 1.00 | Yes | 2.64* | 3 | No | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 2.70* | 3 | Outpatient M/M diagnoses | Yes | 6.90* | 3 | ||
Inpatient M/M events | (1994–1995) | Diabetes treatment | ||||||
(1994–1995) | No | 1.00 | Diet only (reference) | 1.00 | ||||
No | 1.00 | Yes | 1.45* | 1 | Oral agents only | 0.40† | −3 | |
Yes | 1.70* | 2 | Age (one decade) | 1.34* | ‡ | Insulin and oral agents | 0.52 | |
Age (one decade) | 1.24* | ‡ | Number of visits to specialists | Insulin only | 1.60† | 2 | ||
Antihypertensives | None (reference) | 1.00 | Mean HbA1c (1994–1995) | |||||
None (reference) | 1.00 | 1–3 | 1.09 | <7.0% (reference) | 1.00 | |||
One | 1.21† | 1 | 4–6 | 1.31 | 7–8% | 1.29 | ||
Two or more | 1.58* | 2 | ≥7 | 1.67* | 2 | 9–10% | 1.93 | |
Serum creatinine | Serum creatinine | ≥10% | 5.07* | 3 | ||||
<1.0 mg/dl | 1.00 | <1.0 (reference) | 1.00 | Missing | 2.29 | |||
1.0–1.3 | 1.16 | 1.0–1.3 | 1.13 | Age (one decade) | 0.81* | ‡ | ||
1.3–1.5 | 1.24 | 1.3–1.5 | 1.74§ | 2 | Emergency department visit | |||
1.5–2.0 | 1.46§ | 1 | 1.5–2.0 | 1.85* | 2 | (1994–1995) | ||
>2.0 | 1.82* | 2 | >2.0 | 2.49* | 3 | No | 1.00 | |
Missing | 0.86 | Missing | 0.78 | Yes | 2.04§ | 3 | ||
Diabetes treatment | Outpatient ID diagnoses | Obesity status | ||||||
Diet only (reference) | 1.00 | (1994–1995) | Lean (reference) | 1.00 | ||||
Oral agents only | 1.09 | No | 1.00 | Obese | 0.39* | −3 | ||
Insulin and oral | 1.06 | Yes | 1.81* | 2 | Morbidly obese | 0.21* | −3 | |
agents | Nonmaternity hospitalizations | BMI missing | 1.04 | |||||
Insulin only | 1.42* | 1 | (1993–1995) | Race | ||||
Mean HbA1c (1994– | No | 1.00 | White (reference) | 1.00 | ||||
1995) | Yes | 1.37§ | 1 | Black | 1.00 | |||
<7.0% (reference) | 1.00 | Treatment | Hispanic/Latino | 0.67 | ||||
7–8% | 1.11 | Diet only (reference) | 1.00 | Asian | 0.22† | −3 | ||
8–10% | 1.33§ | 1 | Oral agents only | 1.02 | Native American/Other | 1.00 | ||
≥10% | 1.70* | 2 | Insulin and oral agents | 1.41† | 1 | Missing | 0.90 | |
Missing | 1.22 | Insulin only | 1.47§ | 1 | Inpatient M/M events (1994– | |||
Albuminuria | 1995) | |||||||
Absent | 1.00 | No | 1.00 | |||||
Present | 1.25§ | 1 | Yes | 1.76† | 2 | |||
Missing | 1.24§ | 1 | Sex | |||||
Primary care visits | Female | 1.00 | ||||||
None (reference) | 1.00 | Male | 0.61† | −2 | ||||
1–3 | 1.13 | Smoking status | ||||||
4–6 | 1.17 | Nonsmoker (reference) | 1.00 | |||||
>7 | 1.43† | 1 | Ex-smoker | 1.02 | ||||
Outpatient diagnosis | Current smoker | 1.58‖ | 2 | |||||
of obesity | Missing | 0.72 | ||||||
No | 1.00 | Use of antilipemic | ||||||
Yes | 0.73§ | – | medications | |||||
Outpatient ID diagnoses | No | 1.00 | ||||||
No | 1.00 | Yes | 0.48§ | −3 | ||||
Yes | 1.25§ | –1 | Mean LDL cholesterol | |||||
Mean total cholesterol | <160 mg/dl (reference) | 1.00 | ||||||
<240 mg/dl (reference) | 1.00 | ≥160 mg/dl | 2.02† | 3 | ||||
≥240 mg/dl | 1.27§ | 1 | Missing | 1.04 | ||||
Missing | 1.07 | |||||||
Self-report of neuropathy | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||||
Yes | 1.26§ | 1 | ||||||
Missing | 1.06 | |||||||
Education | ||||||||
<9 years | 1.11 | |||||||
9–11 years | 0.89 | |||||||
High-school graduate | 1.00 | |||||||
Some college | 0.99 | |||||||
College graduate | 0.97 | |||||||
Graduate school | 0.76† | −1 | ||||||
Missing | 1.08 | |||||||
Type of diabetes | ||||||||
Type 2 (reference) | 1.00 | |||||||
Type 1 | 0.64† | −2 | ||||||
Uncertain | 0.71 | |||||||
Missing | 1.02 | |||||||
Sex | ||||||||
Female | 1.00 | |||||||
Male | 1.13 |
P < 0.0001;
P < 0.01;
P < 0.001;
P < 0.05;
age was treated as a continuous variable and scored as follows: macro- and microvascular model 19–29 years = 0, 30–39 years = 1, 40–59 years = 2, ≥60 years = 3; infectious disease model 19–29 years = 0, 30–39 years = 1, 40–49 years = 2, ≥50 years = 3; metabolic model 19–29 years = 0; 30–39 years = −1, 40–59 years = −2, ≥60 years = −3; ID, infectious disease; MET, metabolic; M/M, macro- and microvascular.