Participant characteristics
| . | Youth . |
|---|---|
| n | 153 |
| Age (years) | 12.9 ± 2.3 |
| Sex (% female) | 56 |
| Ethnicity | |
| White/non-Hispanic white | 138 (90) |
| Black/African American | 4 (3) |
| Hispanic American | 4 (3) |
| Native American | 2 (1) |
| Asian American | 1 (<1) |
| Other | 4 (3) |
| SES* | 3.23 ± 1.56 |
| Family status | |
| Two-parent family | 123 (81) |
| One-parent family | 29 (19) |
| Type 1 diabetes duration (years) | 6.4 ± 3.6 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.4 ± 1.4 |
| Insulin (units · kg−1 · day−1) | 1.0 ± 0.3 |
| BGM | |
| One time per day | 4 (3) |
| Two times per day | 13 (9) |
| Three times per day | 26 (17) |
| Four times per day | 83 (54) |
| Five or more times per day | 27 (18) |
| Insulin injections | |
| Two per day | 23 (15) |
| Three per day | 78 (51) |
| Four or more per day | 16 (10) |
| Pump | 36 (24) |
| . | Youth . |
|---|---|
| n | 153 |
| Age (years) | 12.9 ± 2.3 |
| Sex (% female) | 56 |
| Ethnicity | |
| White/non-Hispanic white | 138 (90) |
| Black/African American | 4 (3) |
| Hispanic American | 4 (3) |
| Native American | 2 (1) |
| Asian American | 1 (<1) |
| Other | 4 (3) |
| SES* | 3.23 ± 1.56 |
| Family status | |
| Two-parent family | 123 (81) |
| One-parent family | 29 (19) |
| Type 1 diabetes duration (years) | 6.4 ± 3.6 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.4 ± 1.4 |
| Insulin (units · kg−1 · day−1) | 1.0 ± 0.3 |
| BGM | |
| One time per day | 4 (3) |
| Two times per day | 13 (9) |
| Three times per day | 26 (17) |
| Four times per day | 83 (54) |
| Five or more times per day | 27 (18) |
| Insulin injections | |
| Two per day | 23 (15) |
| Three per day | 78 (51) |
| Four or more per day | 16 (10) |
| Pump | 36 (24) |
Data are means ±SD or n (%).
Hollingshead index. Scores range from 1 to 6: 1 = major professional (e.g., physician, lawyer); 2 = minor professional (e.g., nurse); 3 = skilled worker (e.g., administrative personnel); 4 = semi-skilled worker (e.g., data entry personnel); 5 = unskilled worker (e.g., truck driver); and 6 = unemployed/retired/student.