. | Overall . | Food security status . | Food access . | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food secure . | Food insecure . | P . | Adequate access . | Low access . | P . | ||
N | 391 | 308 | 78 | 271 | 120 | ||
Food insecure (at baseline) | 20.21 | n/a | n/a | 24.72 | 10.08 | 0.001 | |
Baseline age, years | 61.94 (11.90) | 63.20 (11.88) | 56.72 (10.55) | <0.0001 | 61.21 (11.63) | 63.58 (12.38) | 0.08 |
Female sex | 48.08 | 47.08 | 51.28 | 0.51 | 47.97 | 48.33 | 0.95 |
Race/ethnicity | 0.008 | 0.002 | |||||
Non-Hispanic white | 79.03 | 81.82 | 66.67 | 74.91 | 88.33 | ||
Non-Hispanic black | 7.67 | 5.84 | 15.38 | 9.96 | 2.50 | ||
Hispanic | 8.95 | 7.79 | 14.10 | 11.44 | 3.33 | ||
Asian/other/multi | 4.35 | 4.55 | 3.85 | 3.69 | 5.83 | ||
Education | 0.025 | 0.002 | |||||
<High school diploma | 14.36 | 12.01 | 21.79 | 17.41 | 7.50 | ||
High school diploma | 27.18 | 29.55 | 17.95 | 29.63 | 21.67 | ||
>High school diploma | 58.46 | 58.44 | 60.26 | 52.96 | 70.83 | ||
Insurance at baseline | 0.02 | 0.18 | |||||
Private | 50.94 | 54.83 | 36.84 | 48.66 | 56.36 | ||
Medicare | 26.42 | 25.17 | 30.26 | 25.67 | 28.18 | ||
Medicaid | 13.48 | 11.03 | 22.37 | 15.71 | 8.18 | ||
Uninsured/self-pay | 9.16 | 8.97 | 10.53 | 9.96 | 7.27 | ||
Born outside U.S. | 20.00 | 17.86 | 29.49 | 0.02 | 22.96 | 13.33 | 0.03 |
Low health literacy | 27.58 | 24.51 | 38.46 | 0.01 | 31.60 | 18.49 | 0.008 |
Took survey in Spanish | 5.12 | 4.22 | 8.97 | 0.09 | 7.01 | 0.83 | 0.01 |
Age at diabetes diagnosis, years | 49.74 (14.05) | 50.56 (13.92) | 46.19 (14.00) | 0.02 | 48.90 (14.06) | 51.62 (13.90) | 0.08 |
Baseline Charlson score | 4.85 (2.98) | 4.74 (2.90) | 5.22 (3.34) | 0.25 | 4.89 (2.90) | 4.78 (3.17) | 0.74 |
Baseline insulin use | 53.96 | 51.30 | 64.10 | 0.04 | 56.09 | 49.17 | 0.21 |
Baseline statin use | 83.38 | 86.36 | 70.51 | 0.001 | 83.76 | 82.50 | 0.76 |
Baseline ACEi/ARB use | 81.33 | 83.44 | 73.08 | 0.04 | 81.55 | 80.83 | 0.87 |
Number of outpatient visits during study | 47.43 (37.54) | 44.60 (35.10) | 59.08 (45.22) | 0.01 | 50.13 (37.81) | 41.26 (36.31) | 0.03 |
Number of HbA1c assessments during study | 10.00 (3.83) | 9.84 (3.78) | 10.48 (3.98) | 0.20 | 10.19 (3.87) | 9.45 (3.53) | 0.08 |
Low food access, 1 and 10 miles | 30.69 | 34.74 | 15.38 | 0.001 | n/a | n/a | |
Low food access, half a mile and 10 miles | 75.19 | 78.57 | 61.54 | 0.002 | n/a | n/a | |
Low vehicle access | 33.50 | 32.79 | 35.90 | 0.60 | 27.68 | 46.67 | 0.0002 |
mRFEI | 8.30 (7.21) | 8.17 (6.78) | 8.68 (8.55) | 0.69 | 7.70 (6.91) | 9.27 (7.62) | 0.09 |
Median family income of census tract, $ | 91,921 (42,945) | 96,189 (42,746) | 76,104 (40,576) | 0.0002 | 85,808 (45,420) | 105,727 (32,958) | <0.0001 |
Census tract poverty rate | 12.54 (9.14) | 11.34 (8.65) | 17.22 (9.69) | <0.0001 | 14.89 (9.34) | 7.24 (5.87) | <0.0001 |
. | Overall . | Food security status . | Food access . | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food secure . | Food insecure . | P . | Adequate access . | Low access . | P . | ||
N | 391 | 308 | 78 | 271 | 120 | ||
Food insecure (at baseline) | 20.21 | n/a | n/a | 24.72 | 10.08 | 0.001 | |
Baseline age, years | 61.94 (11.90) | 63.20 (11.88) | 56.72 (10.55) | <0.0001 | 61.21 (11.63) | 63.58 (12.38) | 0.08 |
Female sex | 48.08 | 47.08 | 51.28 | 0.51 | 47.97 | 48.33 | 0.95 |
Race/ethnicity | 0.008 | 0.002 | |||||
Non-Hispanic white | 79.03 | 81.82 | 66.67 | 74.91 | 88.33 | ||
Non-Hispanic black | 7.67 | 5.84 | 15.38 | 9.96 | 2.50 | ||
Hispanic | 8.95 | 7.79 | 14.10 | 11.44 | 3.33 | ||
Asian/other/multi | 4.35 | 4.55 | 3.85 | 3.69 | 5.83 | ||
Education | 0.025 | 0.002 | |||||
<High school diploma | 14.36 | 12.01 | 21.79 | 17.41 | 7.50 | ||
High school diploma | 27.18 | 29.55 | 17.95 | 29.63 | 21.67 | ||
>High school diploma | 58.46 | 58.44 | 60.26 | 52.96 | 70.83 | ||
Insurance at baseline | 0.02 | 0.18 | |||||
Private | 50.94 | 54.83 | 36.84 | 48.66 | 56.36 | ||
Medicare | 26.42 | 25.17 | 30.26 | 25.67 | 28.18 | ||
Medicaid | 13.48 | 11.03 | 22.37 | 15.71 | 8.18 | ||
Uninsured/self-pay | 9.16 | 8.97 | 10.53 | 9.96 | 7.27 | ||
Born outside U.S. | 20.00 | 17.86 | 29.49 | 0.02 | 22.96 | 13.33 | 0.03 |
Low health literacy | 27.58 | 24.51 | 38.46 | 0.01 | 31.60 | 18.49 | 0.008 |
Took survey in Spanish | 5.12 | 4.22 | 8.97 | 0.09 | 7.01 | 0.83 | 0.01 |
Age at diabetes diagnosis, years | 49.74 (14.05) | 50.56 (13.92) | 46.19 (14.00) | 0.02 | 48.90 (14.06) | 51.62 (13.90) | 0.08 |
Baseline Charlson score | 4.85 (2.98) | 4.74 (2.90) | 5.22 (3.34) | 0.25 | 4.89 (2.90) | 4.78 (3.17) | 0.74 |
Baseline insulin use | 53.96 | 51.30 | 64.10 | 0.04 | 56.09 | 49.17 | 0.21 |
Baseline statin use | 83.38 | 86.36 | 70.51 | 0.001 | 83.76 | 82.50 | 0.76 |
Baseline ACEi/ARB use | 81.33 | 83.44 | 73.08 | 0.04 | 81.55 | 80.83 | 0.87 |
Number of outpatient visits during study | 47.43 (37.54) | 44.60 (35.10) | 59.08 (45.22) | 0.01 | 50.13 (37.81) | 41.26 (36.31) | 0.03 |
Number of HbA1c assessments during study | 10.00 (3.83) | 9.84 (3.78) | 10.48 (3.98) | 0.20 | 10.19 (3.87) | 9.45 (3.53) | 0.08 |
Low food access, 1 and 10 miles | 30.69 | 34.74 | 15.38 | 0.001 | n/a | n/a | |
Low food access, half a mile and 10 miles | 75.19 | 78.57 | 61.54 | 0.002 | n/a | n/a | |
Low vehicle access | 33.50 | 32.79 | 35.90 | 0.60 | 27.68 | 46.67 | 0.0002 |
mRFEI | 8.30 (7.21) | 8.17 (6.78) | 8.68 (8.55) | 0.69 | 7.70 (6.91) | 9.27 (7.62) | 0.09 |
Median family income of census tract, $ | 91,921 (42,945) | 96,189 (42,746) | 76,104 (40,576) | 0.0002 | 85,808 (45,420) | 105,727 (32,958) | <0.0001 |
Census tract poverty rate | 12.54 (9.14) | 11.34 (8.65) | 17.22 (9.69) | <0.0001 | 14.89 (9.34) | 7.24 (5.87) | <0.0001 |
Data are % or mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated. Food access defined using the 1 mile in urban areas and 10 miles in rural areas definition. Five (1% of total) participants did not have a complete food insecurity assessment. ACEi, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; n/a, not applicable.