American Diabetes Association

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of nonhomeless adult participants with diabetes

	Overall (N = 1,087)	Stable housing (N = 702)	Unstable housing (N = 385)	P value
Age (years)				0.003
18–25	3.57	1.88	6.50
26–34	5.21	2.08	10.64
35–44	16.86	17.25	16.19
45–54	22.39	19.90	26.71
55–64	29.86	29.54	30.42
65–74	13.87	19.58	3.97
≥75	8.23	9.77	5.57
Female	49.85	48.70	51.84	0.64
Clinic program type				0.52
Public Housing Primary Care	1.27	1.54	0.80
Migrant Health Center	3.04	2.47	4.01
Health Care for the Homeless	1.92	1.82	2.10
Community Health Center	93.78	94.17	93.09
Rural residence	62.3	61.72	63.38	0.83
Race/ethnicity				0.34
Non-Hispanic white	58.01	54.55	64.02
Non-Hispanic black	17.18	18.99	14.05
Hispanic	18.40	20.05	15.53
Asian/Pacific Islander/other	6.40	6.41	6.39
Non-English primary language	21.58	25.84	14.18	0.01
Born outside U.S.	15.62	17.99	11.51	0.09
Insurance				<0.0001
Uninsured	25.73	19.45	36.54
Nonexchange-based private	15.41	21.75	4.52
Medicare	10.83	11.03	10.49
Medicaid and other public	43.82	43.55	44.28
Exchange-based private	4.20	4.22	4.17
Education				0.39
Less than high school	39.74	37.72	43.22
High school diploma	24.72	27.74	19.52
More than high school	35.54	34.54	37.26
Income (as %FPL)				0.07
≤100	60.39	57.95	64.53
101–138	16.00	14.99	17.71
139–199	11.67	9.86	14.74
200–299	4.30	6.60	0.40
300–399	5.00	7.22	1.25
≥400	2.64	3.39	1.38
History of serious mental illness	15.29	11.97	21.04	0.15
History of drug use	45.44	40.16	54.58	0.02
Alcohol use score	2.0 (0.3)	2.1 (0.5)	1.9 (0.5)	0.75
Current insulin use	48.70	53.99	39.54	0.14

	Overall (N = 1,087)	Stable housing (N = 702)	Unstable housing (N = 385)	P value
Age (years)				0.003
18–25	3.57	1.88	6.50
26–34	5.21	2.08	10.64
35–44	16.86	17.25	16.19
45–54	22.39	19.90	26.71
55–64	29.86	29.54	30.42
65–74	13.87	19.58	3.97
≥75	8.23	9.77	5.57
Female	49.85	48.70	51.84	0.64
Clinic program type				0.52
Public Housing Primary Care	1.27	1.54	0.80
Migrant Health Center	3.04	2.47	4.01
Health Care for the Homeless	1.92	1.82	2.10
Community Health Center	93.78	94.17	93.09
Rural residence	62.3	61.72	63.38	0.83
Race/ethnicity				0.34
Non-Hispanic white	58.01	54.55	64.02
Non-Hispanic black	17.18	18.99	14.05
Hispanic	18.40	20.05	15.53
Asian/Pacific Islander/other	6.40	6.41	6.39
Non-English primary language	21.58	25.84	14.18	0.01
Born outside U.S.	15.62	17.99	11.51	0.09
Insurance				<0.0001
Uninsured	25.73	19.45	36.54
Nonexchange-based private	15.41	21.75	4.52
Medicare	10.83	11.03	10.49
Medicaid and other public	43.82	43.55	44.28
Exchange-based private	4.20	4.22	4.17
Education				0.39
Less than high school	39.74	37.72	43.22
High school diploma	24.72	27.74	19.52
More than high school	35.54	34.54	37.26
Income (as %FPL)				0.07
≤100	60.39	57.95	64.53
101–138	16.00	14.99	17.71
139–199	11.67	9.86	14.74
200–299	4.30	6.60	0.40
300–399	5.00	7.22	1.25
≥400	2.64	3.39	1.38
History of serious mental illness	15.29	11.97	21.04	0.15
History of drug use	45.44	40.16	54.58	0.02
Alcohol use score	2.0 (0.3)	2.1 (0.5)	1.9 (0.5)	0.75
Current insulin use	48.70	53.99	39.54	0.14

Data are weighted percentage or mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated. Unstably housed indicates those who reported that they did not have enough money to pay rent or their mortgage, reported two or more moves in the past 12 months, or were doubled up (i.e., staying in a house, apartment, or room they did not own or rent). Alcohol use score range 0–39, with lower scores indicating less alcohol use. FPL, federal poverty level.

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