Baseline characteristics of DCCT/EDIC participants according to the presence or absence of PDR over the course of the DCCT/EDIC study
| . | . | Any PDR . | . | . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Overall . | No . | Yes . | HR . | 95% CI . | P value . |
| n | 1,440 | 1,061 | 379 | |||
| Treatment group (% conventional) | 51 | 46 | 65 | 2.151 | 1.741, 2.657 | <0.0001 |
| Cohort (% secondary) | 50 | 44 | 66 | 2.158 | 1.743, 2.671 | <0.0001 |
| Sex (% males) | 53 | 52 | 54 | 1.103 | 0.901, 1.351 | 0.3402 |
| Age (years) | 27 (22, 32) | 27 (22, 32) | 26 (21, 32) | 0.99 | 0.977, 1.005 | 0.1825 |
| Adult vs. adolescent (<18 years) | 86 | 87 | 84 | 0.821 | 0.625, 1.079 | 0.1577 |
| Weight males (kg) | 75 (68, 82) | 75 (68, 82) | 75 (68, 82) | 1.001 | 0.988, 1.014 | 0.9044 |
| Weight females (kg) | 62 (56, 69) | 62 (56, 68) | 63 (57, 70) | 1.012 | 0.996, 1.029 | 0.1367 |
| BMI males (kg/m2) | 24 (22, 25) | 23 (22, 25) | 24 (22, 26) | 1.053 | 1, 1.108 | 0.0495 |
| BMI females (kg/m2) | 23 (21, 25) | 23 (21, 25) | 24 (21, 25) | 1.07 | 1.016, 1.125 | 0.0098 |
| Smoking (%) | 18 | 19 | 18 | 1.016 | 0.782, 1.321 | 0.9041 |
| Drinking (% occasional or regular vs. no) | 29 | 29 | 31 | 1.121 | 0.9, 1.394 | 0.3078 |
| Exercise (% moderate or strenuous) | 82 | 81 | 84 | 1.245 | 0.945, 1.64 | 0.1200 |
| Family history of HT (%) | 56 | 55 | 59 | 1.157 | 0.942, 1.42 | 0.1641 |
| Family history of MI (%) | 49 | 49 | 49 | 0.986 | 0.806, 1.206 | 0.8881 |
| Family history of T1D (%) | 14 | 13 | 17 | 1.245 | 0.95, 1.631 | 0.1128 |
| Family history of T2D (%) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0.969 | 0.678, 1.385 | 0.8629 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 114 (108, 122) | 112 (108, 122) | 116 (108, 123) | 1.007 | 0.998, 1.016 | 0.1032 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72 (68, 80) | 72 (68, 78) | 74 (70, 80) | 1.024 | 1.012, 1.037 | 0.0001 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 40 (36, 48) | 40 (36, 48) | 40 (34, 46) | 0.992 | 0.982, 1.003 | 0.1501 |
| Pulse (bpm) | 76 (68, 84) | 76 (68, 82) | 76 (72, 84) | 1.023 | 1.014, 1.032 | <0.0001 |
| HT (%) | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1.21 | 0.664, 2.205 | 0.5329 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 174 (153, 196) | 173 (152, 195) | 177 (156, 202) | 1.005 | 1.002, 1.008 | 0.0017 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 73 (55, 93) | 71 (54, 89) | 80 (58, 103) | 1.73 | 1.402, 2.134 | <0.0001 |
| HDLc (mg/dL) | 49 (42, 57) | 50 (42, 58) | 46 (40, 56) | 0.993 | 0.985, 1.002 | 0.1115 |
| LDLc (mg/dL) | 107 (91, 127) | 106 (89, 125) | 109 (93, 131) | 1.005 | 1.002, 1.009 | 0.0024 |
| Duration of T1D (years) | 4.3 (2.3, 9.1) | 3.8 (2.2, 8.3) | 6.6 (3.1, 10.9) | 1.087 | 1.061, 1.113 | <0.0001 |
| C-peptide among those with T1D duration <5 years (per 100 nmol/L) | 13 (4, 25) | 13 (4, 26) | 10 (3, 24) | 0.991 | 0.979, 1.003 | 0.1542 |
| C-peptide among those with T1D duration >5 years (per 100 nmol/L) | 3 (3, 4) | 3 (3, 4) | 3 (3, 3) | 0.982 | 0.943, 1.022 | 0.3645 |
| Log AER (mg/24 h) | 2.4 (2.0, 2.9) | 2.3 (1.8, 2.8) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.1) | 1.388 | 1.226, 1.571 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.7 (7.8, 9.9) | 8.4 (7.6, 9.5) | 9.4 (8.4, 10.7) | 1.349 | 1.277, 1.426 | <0.0001 |
| . | . | Any PDR . | . | . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Overall . | No . | Yes . | HR . | 95% CI . | P value . |
| n | 1,440 | 1,061 | 379 | |||
| Treatment group (% conventional) | 51 | 46 | 65 | 2.151 | 1.741, 2.657 | <0.0001 |
| Cohort (% secondary) | 50 | 44 | 66 | 2.158 | 1.743, 2.671 | <0.0001 |
| Sex (% males) | 53 | 52 | 54 | 1.103 | 0.901, 1.351 | 0.3402 |
| Age (years) | 27 (22, 32) | 27 (22, 32) | 26 (21, 32) | 0.99 | 0.977, 1.005 | 0.1825 |
| Adult vs. adolescent (<18 years) | 86 | 87 | 84 | 0.821 | 0.625, 1.079 | 0.1577 |
| Weight males (kg) | 75 (68, 82) | 75 (68, 82) | 75 (68, 82) | 1.001 | 0.988, 1.014 | 0.9044 |
| Weight females (kg) | 62 (56, 69) | 62 (56, 68) | 63 (57, 70) | 1.012 | 0.996, 1.029 | 0.1367 |
| BMI males (kg/m2) | 24 (22, 25) | 23 (22, 25) | 24 (22, 26) | 1.053 | 1, 1.108 | 0.0495 |
| BMI females (kg/m2) | 23 (21, 25) | 23 (21, 25) | 24 (21, 25) | 1.07 | 1.016, 1.125 | 0.0098 |
| Smoking (%) | 18 | 19 | 18 | 1.016 | 0.782, 1.321 | 0.9041 |
| Drinking (% occasional or regular vs. no) | 29 | 29 | 31 | 1.121 | 0.9, 1.394 | 0.3078 |
| Exercise (% moderate or strenuous) | 82 | 81 | 84 | 1.245 | 0.945, 1.64 | 0.1200 |
| Family history of HT (%) | 56 | 55 | 59 | 1.157 | 0.942, 1.42 | 0.1641 |
| Family history of MI (%) | 49 | 49 | 49 | 0.986 | 0.806, 1.206 | 0.8881 |
| Family history of T1D (%) | 14 | 13 | 17 | 1.245 | 0.95, 1.631 | 0.1128 |
| Family history of T2D (%) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0.969 | 0.678, 1.385 | 0.8629 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 114 (108, 122) | 112 (108, 122) | 116 (108, 123) | 1.007 | 0.998, 1.016 | 0.1032 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72 (68, 80) | 72 (68, 78) | 74 (70, 80) | 1.024 | 1.012, 1.037 | 0.0001 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 40 (36, 48) | 40 (36, 48) | 40 (34, 46) | 0.992 | 0.982, 1.003 | 0.1501 |
| Pulse (bpm) | 76 (68, 84) | 76 (68, 82) | 76 (72, 84) | 1.023 | 1.014, 1.032 | <0.0001 |
| HT (%) | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1.21 | 0.664, 2.205 | 0.5329 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 174 (153, 196) | 173 (152, 195) | 177 (156, 202) | 1.005 | 1.002, 1.008 | 0.0017 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 73 (55, 93) | 71 (54, 89) | 80 (58, 103) | 1.73 | 1.402, 2.134 | <0.0001 |
| HDLc (mg/dL) | 49 (42, 57) | 50 (42, 58) | 46 (40, 56) | 0.993 | 0.985, 1.002 | 0.1115 |
| LDLc (mg/dL) | 107 (91, 127) | 106 (89, 125) | 109 (93, 131) | 1.005 | 1.002, 1.009 | 0.0024 |
| Duration of T1D (years) | 4.3 (2.3, 9.1) | 3.8 (2.2, 8.3) | 6.6 (3.1, 10.9) | 1.087 | 1.061, 1.113 | <0.0001 |
| C-peptide among those with T1D duration <5 years (per 100 nmol/L) | 13 (4, 25) | 13 (4, 26) | 10 (3, 24) | 0.991 | 0.979, 1.003 | 0.1542 |
| C-peptide among those with T1D duration >5 years (per 100 nmol/L) | 3 (3, 4) | 3 (3, 4) | 3 (3, 3) | 0.982 | 0.943, 1.022 | 0.3645 |
| Log AER (mg/24 h) | 2.4 (2.0, 2.9) | 2.3 (1.8, 2.8) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.1) | 1.388 | 1.226, 1.571 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.7 (7.8, 9.9) | 8.4 (7.6, 9.5) | 9.4 (8.4, 10.7) | 1.349 | 1.277, 1.426 | <0.0001 |
Data are included for 1,440 patients who had at least two fundus photographs. Data are medians (first quartile, third quartile) or % unless otherwise indicated. HRs and P values are generated using a Cox PH model with no adjustment for other factors. Values in boldface type indicate P < 0.05. HT, hypertension; MI, myocardial infarction.