Characteristics . | Total . | Developed T1D . | Incidence per 100,000 PY . | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) . | Adjusted HR (95% CI)* . | P for trend . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at introduction of formula (months) | ||||||
MoBa, n | 88,716 | 285 | ||||
<4 | 33,257 (37.5) | 119 (41.8) | 35.7 | 1.22 (0.95–1.56) | 1.10 (0.84–1.43) | |
4.0–5.9 | 9,827 (11.1) | 29 (10.2) | 28.8 | 0.97 (0.65–1.45) | 0.98 (0.65–1.48) | |
≥6 | 45,632 (51.4) | 137 (48.1) | 29.5 | 1 | 1 | |
Missing, n | 0 | 0 | ||||
Per month† | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.70 | ||||
DNBC, n | 66,676 | 219 | ||||
<4 | 15,528 (28.6) | 66 (38.6) | 31.8 | 1.41 (1.00–1.98) | 1.37 (0.87–2.17) | |
4.0–5.9 | 17,143 (31.6) | 36 (21.1) | 15.6 | 0.69 (0.46–1.03) | 0.67 (0.41–1.12) | |
≥6 | 21,603 (39.8) | 69 (40.4) | 23.0 | 1 | 1 | |
Missing, n | 12,402 | 48 | ||||
Per month† | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 0.10 | ||||
Pooled‡ | ||||||
<4 | 48,785 (34.1) | 185 (40.6) | 1.28 (1.05–1.57) | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) | ||
4.0–5.9 | 26,970 (18.9) | 65 (14.3) | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) | 0.84 (0.61–1.16) | ||
≥6 | 67,235 (47.0) | 206 (45.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
Per month† | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | |||||
Age at introduction of any solid food (months)§ | ||||||
MoBa, n | 88,716 | 285 | ||||
<4 | 5,344 (6.0) | 15 (5.3) | 26.4 | 0.78 (0.44–1.37) | 0.73 (0.40–1.32) | |
4.0–5.9 | 66,703 (75.2) | 214 (75.1) | 31.8 | 0.96 (0.71–1.28) | 0.90 (0.66–1.23) | |
≥6 | 16,669 (18.8) | 56 (19.6) | 33.2 | 1 | 1 | |
Missing, n | 0 | 0 | ||||
Per month† | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 0.57 | ||||
DNBC, n | 66,676 | 219 | ||||
<4 | 4,985 (7.5) | 26 (11.9) | 36.9 | 2.37 (1.22–4.61) | 2.52 (0.85–7.51) | |
4.0–5.9 | 55,589 (83.4) | 180 (82.2) | 23.2 | 1.49 (0.85–2.62) | 1.90 (0.76–4.71) | |
≥6 | 6,091 (9.1) | 13 (5.9) | 15.5 | 1 | 1 | |
Missing, n | 11 | 0 | ||||
Per month† | 0.81 (0.62–1.05) | 0.11 | ||||
Pooled‡ | ||||||
<4 | 10,329 (6.6) | 41 (8.1) | 1.25 (0.81–1.92) | 0.97 (0.58–1.64) | ||
4.0–5.9 | 122,292 (78.7) | 394 (78.2) | 1.06 (0.81–1.37) | 0.97 (0.72–1.31) | ||
≥6 | 22,760 (14.6) | 69 (13.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
Per month† | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | |||||
Breastfeeding while introducing any solid food | ||||||
MoBa, n | 88,716 | 285 | ||||
Yes | 63,850 (87.6) | 204 (87.5) | 31.4 | 0.97 (0.66–1.45) | 0.85 (0.55–1.30) | |
No | 9,023 (12.4) | 29 (12.5) | 31.3 | 1 | 1 | |
Missing, n | 15,843 | 52 | ||||
DNBC, n | 66,676 | 219 | ||||
Yes | 42,412 (69.1) | 131 (63.6) | 22.0 | 0.77 (0.58–1.02) | 0.73 (0.47–1.11) | |
No | 18,932 (30.9) | 75 (36.4) | 28.5 | 1 | 1 | |
Missing, n | 5,332 | 13 | ||||
Pooled‡ | ||||||
Yes | 106,262 (79.2) | 335 (76.3) | 0.83 (0.66–1.05) | 0.79 (0.58–1.07) | ||
No | 27,955 (20.8) | 104 (23.7) | 1 | 1 |
Characteristics . | Total . | Developed T1D . | Incidence per 100,000 PY . | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) . | Adjusted HR (95% CI)* . | P for trend . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at introduction of formula (months) | ||||||
MoBa, n | 88,716 | 285 | ||||
<4 | 33,257 (37.5) | 119 (41.8) | 35.7 | 1.22 (0.95–1.56) | 1.10 (0.84–1.43) | |
4.0–5.9 | 9,827 (11.1) | 29 (10.2) | 28.8 | 0.97 (0.65–1.45) | 0.98 (0.65–1.48) | |
≥6 | 45,632 (51.4) | 137 (48.1) | 29.5 | 1 | 1 | |
Missing, n | 0 | 0 | ||||
Per month† | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.70 | ||||
DNBC, n | 66,676 | 219 | ||||
<4 | 15,528 (28.6) | 66 (38.6) | 31.8 | 1.41 (1.00–1.98) | 1.37 (0.87–2.17) | |
4.0–5.9 | 17,143 (31.6) | 36 (21.1) | 15.6 | 0.69 (0.46–1.03) | 0.67 (0.41–1.12) | |
≥6 | 21,603 (39.8) | 69 (40.4) | 23.0 | 1 | 1 | |
Missing, n | 12,402 | 48 | ||||
Per month† | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 0.10 | ||||
Pooled‡ | ||||||
<4 | 48,785 (34.1) | 185 (40.6) | 1.28 (1.05–1.57) | 1.16 (0.92–1.46) | ||
4.0–5.9 | 26,970 (18.9) | 65 (14.3) | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) | 0.84 (0.61–1.16) | ||
≥6 | 67,235 (47.0) | 206 (45.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
Per month† | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | |||||
Age at introduction of any solid food (months)§ | ||||||
MoBa, n | 88,716 | 285 | ||||
<4 | 5,344 (6.0) | 15 (5.3) | 26.4 | 0.78 (0.44–1.37) | 0.73 (0.40–1.32) | |
4.0–5.9 | 66,703 (75.2) | 214 (75.1) | 31.8 | 0.96 (0.71–1.28) | 0.90 (0.66–1.23) | |
≥6 | 16,669 (18.8) | 56 (19.6) | 33.2 | 1 | 1 | |
Missing, n | 0 | 0 | ||||
Per month† | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 0.57 | ||||
DNBC, n | 66,676 | 219 | ||||
<4 | 4,985 (7.5) | 26 (11.9) | 36.9 | 2.37 (1.22–4.61) | 2.52 (0.85–7.51) | |
4.0–5.9 | 55,589 (83.4) | 180 (82.2) | 23.2 | 1.49 (0.85–2.62) | 1.90 (0.76–4.71) | |
≥6 | 6,091 (9.1) | 13 (5.9) | 15.5 | 1 | 1 | |
Missing, n | 11 | 0 | ||||
Per month† | 0.81 (0.62–1.05) | 0.11 | ||||
Pooled‡ | ||||||
<4 | 10,329 (6.6) | 41 (8.1) | 1.25 (0.81–1.92) | 0.97 (0.58–1.64) | ||
4.0–5.9 | 122,292 (78.7) | 394 (78.2) | 1.06 (0.81–1.37) | 0.97 (0.72–1.31) | ||
≥6 | 22,760 (14.6) | 69 (13.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
Per month† | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | |||||
Breastfeeding while introducing any solid food | ||||||
MoBa, n | 88,716 | 285 | ||||
Yes | 63,850 (87.6) | 204 (87.5) | 31.4 | 0.97 (0.66–1.45) | 0.85 (0.55–1.30) | |
No | 9,023 (12.4) | 29 (12.5) | 31.3 | 1 | 1 | |
Missing, n | 15,843 | 52 | ||||
DNBC, n | 66,676 | 219 | ||||
Yes | 42,412 (69.1) | 131 (63.6) | 22.0 | 0.77 (0.58–1.02) | 0.73 (0.47–1.11) | |
No | 18,932 (30.9) | 75 (36.4) | 28.5 | 1 | 1 | |
Missing, n | 5,332 | 13 | ||||
Pooled‡ | ||||||
Yes | 106,262 (79.2) | 335 (76.3) | 0.83 (0.66–1.05) | 0.79 (0.58–1.07) | ||
No | 27,955 (20.8) | 104 (23.7) | 1 | 1 |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
*Adjusted for sex, birth weight, gestational age, cesarean delivery, parity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal age, maternal BMI, and parental diabetes.
†Age at introduction of any solid foods after 6 months was set to 6.5 months in trend analysis using continuous months. Age at introduction of other milk after 18 months was set to 18.5 months.
‡No significant heterogeneity existed between the studies for any of the comparisons (all P values >0.05).
§In the MoBa cohort, no significant associations were found between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and age at introduction of or breastfeeding while introducing the following food groups: cereals, gluten-containing food, vegetables, meat/fish, and fruits/berries (data not shown). DNBC did not have information on specific food items. PY, person-years.