Table 1

Staging of type 1 diabetes

Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3
Phenotypic characteristics • Autoimmunity• Normoglycemia• Presymptomatic • Autoimmunity• Dysglycemia• Presymptomatic • New onset• Hyperglycemia• Symptomatic 
Diagnostic criteria • Multiple autoantibodies• No impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose • Multiple autoantibodies• Dysglycemia: impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance• Fasting plasma glucose 100–125 mg/dL• 2-h glasma glucose 140–199 mg/dL• HbA1c 5.7–6.4% or ≥10% increase in HbA1c • Clinical symptoms• Diabetes by standard criteria 
Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3
Phenotypic characteristics • Autoimmunity• Normoglycemia• Presymptomatic • Autoimmunity• Dysglycemia• Presymptomatic • New onset• Hyperglycemia• Symptomatic 
Diagnostic criteria • Multiple autoantibodies• No impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose • Multiple autoantibodies• Dysglycemia: impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance• Fasting plasma glucose 100–125 mg/dL• 2-h glasma glucose 140–199 mg/dL• HbA1c 5.7–6.4% or ≥10% increase in HbA1c • Clinical symptoms• Diabetes by standard criteria 
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