Table 2

Percentage of HF, body composition, cardiometabolic and diabetes risk factors, and physical fitness before and after participation in the family-based lifestyle and psycho-educational intervention program (CInt group) or the plus exercise training (II group) in children with overweight/obesity (per protocol analysis)

CInt group
II group
CInt vs. II
N
Pre
Post
P
N
Pre
Post
Mean
SDMeanSDMean
SDMeanSDP
PprePpost
Primary outcome               
 HF (%)* 50 5.2 2.8 5.2 2.9 0.769 49 5.6 4.5 4.5 3.6 0.006 0.836 0.193 
Secondary outcomes               
 Body composition               
  Body mass (kg) 53 53.4 8.9 53.9 9.8 0.122 49 55.9 11.3 54.9 11.3 0.011 0.224 0.491 
  Height (cm) 53 145.5 7.9 148.1 7.8 <0.001 49 146.9 8.3 149.4 8.5 <0.001 0.350 0.430 
  BMI (kg/m2) 53 25.1 2.8 24.4 3.2 <0.001 49 25.7 3.3 24.4 3.3 <0.001 0.325 0.813 
  FMI (kg/m2) 53 9.8 2.1 9.0 2.4 <0.001 48 10.4 2.3 9.2 2.2 <0.001 0.191 0.345 
  LMI (kg/m2) 53 14.6 1.1 14.5 1.3 0.141 48 14.4 1.2 14.3 1.3 0.242 0.408 0.869 
  Abdominal fat (kg) 53 5.7 2.1 5.3 2.2 0.001 48 6.4 2.5 5.7 2.1 <0.001 0.151 0.215 
 Cardiometabolic and diabetes risk factors         
  SBP (mmHg) 52 96.7 10.6 97.1 10.6 0.835 49 95.6 10.2 96.0 11.9 0.815 0.586 0.738 
  DBP (mmHg) 52 62.4 7.5 61.5 6.6 0.354 49 60.1 7.8 62.5 7.6 0.049 0.162 0.356 
  MAP (mmHg) 52 85.3 8.5 85.3 7.9 0.982 49 83.8 8.5 84.9 9.1 0.408 0.386 0.973 
  TG (mg/dL)* 51 81.4 35.3 79.8 28.4 0.876 48 78.6 37.6 69.3 26.4 0.079 0.907 0.122 
  HDLc (mg/dL) 51 50.3 10.7 49.0 9.4 0.235 48 53.7 11.8 50.3 10.9 0.003 0.198 0.627 
  TG/HDLc 51 1.72 0.89 1.72 0.81 0.992 48 1.61 1.08 1.52 0.93 0.460 0.882 0.299 
  LDLc (mg/dL) 51 102.8 24.7 99.2 23.9 0.052 48 102.9 22.9 90.9 18.7 <0.001 0.711 0.046 
  Insulin (IU/mL)* 50 11.7 4.4 10.5 4.6 0.008 47 12.3 4.5 11.4 5.4 0.027 0.400 0.334 
  Glucose (mg/dL) 51 85.3 5.6 85.2 5.4 0.910 48 85.5 5.1 84.9 6.7 0.446 0.813 0.846 
  HOMA* 50 2.50 1.06 2.23 1.05 0.017 48 2.64 1.12 2.44 1.35 0.054 0.438 0.354 
  GGT (units/L) 51 15.3 3.9 15.3 4.1 0.894 46 17.0 4.9 15.4 4.4 0.010 0.079 0.878 
 Physical fitness               
  VO2peak treadmill test (mL/kg/min) 41 35.9 6.3 38.7 6.8 0.017 44 32.2 5.0 37.6 5.6 <0.001 0.010 0.422 
  End-time treadmill test (sg) 41 598 155 674 165 0.004 44 569 136 693 141 <0.001 0.365 0.567 
  20msrt (laps) 44 24 12 30 11 0.001 47 20 11 29 16 <0.001 0.284 0.912 
  Handgrip strength (kg/body mass) 52 0.34 0.06 0.37 0.07 <0.001 49 0.32 0.06 0.37 0.07 <0.001 0.229 0.732 
  Standing broad jump (cm) 46 103.6 16.0 110.0 24.5 0.042 46 98.4 19.0 111.0 20.7 <0.001 0.130 0.807 
CInt group
II group
CInt vs. II
N
Pre
Post
P
N
Pre
Post
Mean
SDMeanSDMean
SDMeanSDP
PprePpost
Primary outcome               
 HF (%)* 50 5.2 2.8 5.2 2.9 0.769 49 5.6 4.5 4.5 3.6 0.006 0.836 0.193 
Secondary outcomes               
 Body composition               
  Body mass (kg) 53 53.4 8.9 53.9 9.8 0.122 49 55.9 11.3 54.9 11.3 0.011 0.224 0.491 
  Height (cm) 53 145.5 7.9 148.1 7.8 <0.001 49 146.9 8.3 149.4 8.5 <0.001 0.350 0.430 
  BMI (kg/m2) 53 25.1 2.8 24.4 3.2 <0.001 49 25.7 3.3 24.4 3.3 <0.001 0.325 0.813 
  FMI (kg/m2) 53 9.8 2.1 9.0 2.4 <0.001 48 10.4 2.3 9.2 2.2 <0.001 0.191 0.345 
  LMI (kg/m2) 53 14.6 1.1 14.5 1.3 0.141 48 14.4 1.2 14.3 1.3 0.242 0.408 0.869 
  Abdominal fat (kg) 53 5.7 2.1 5.3 2.2 0.001 48 6.4 2.5 5.7 2.1 <0.001 0.151 0.215 
 Cardiometabolic and diabetes risk factors         
  SBP (mmHg) 52 96.7 10.6 97.1 10.6 0.835 49 95.6 10.2 96.0 11.9 0.815 0.586 0.738 
  DBP (mmHg) 52 62.4 7.5 61.5 6.6 0.354 49 60.1 7.8 62.5 7.6 0.049 0.162 0.356 
  MAP (mmHg) 52 85.3 8.5 85.3 7.9 0.982 49 83.8 8.5 84.9 9.1 0.408 0.386 0.973 
  TG (mg/dL)* 51 81.4 35.3 79.8 28.4 0.876 48 78.6 37.6 69.3 26.4 0.079 0.907 0.122 
  HDLc (mg/dL) 51 50.3 10.7 49.0 9.4 0.235 48 53.7 11.8 50.3 10.9 0.003 0.198 0.627 
  TG/HDLc 51 1.72 0.89 1.72 0.81 0.992 48 1.61 1.08 1.52 0.93 0.460 0.882 0.299 
  LDLc (mg/dL) 51 102.8 24.7 99.2 23.9 0.052 48 102.9 22.9 90.9 18.7 <0.001 0.711 0.046 
  Insulin (IU/mL)* 50 11.7 4.4 10.5 4.6 0.008 47 12.3 4.5 11.4 5.4 0.027 0.400 0.334 
  Glucose (mg/dL) 51 85.3 5.6 85.2 5.4 0.910 48 85.5 5.1 84.9 6.7 0.446 0.813 0.846 
  HOMA* 50 2.50 1.06 2.23 1.05 0.017 48 2.64 1.12 2.44 1.35 0.054 0.438 0.354 
  GGT (units/L) 51 15.3 3.9 15.3 4.1 0.894 46 17.0 4.9 15.4 4.4 0.010 0.079 0.878 
 Physical fitness               
  VO2peak treadmill test (mL/kg/min) 41 35.9 6.3 38.7 6.8 0.017 44 32.2 5.0 37.6 5.6 <0.001 0.010 0.422 
  End-time treadmill test (sg) 41 598 155 674 165 0.004 44 569 136 693 141 <0.001 0.365 0.567 
  20msrt (laps) 44 24 12 30 11 0.001 47 20 11 29 16 <0.001 0.284 0.912 
  Handgrip strength (kg/body mass) 52 0.34 0.06 0.37 0.07 <0.001 49 0.32 0.06 0.37 0.07 <0.001 0.229 0.732 
  Standing broad jump (cm) 46 103.6 16.0 110.0 24.5 0.042 46 98.4 19.0 111.0 20.7 <0.001 0.130 0.807 

Values in boldface type indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). P indicates statistical differences between Pre (before intervention) and Post (after intervention) values (paired Student t test). Ppre indicates statistical differences in baseline values (Student t test). Ppost indicates statistical differences in postintervention values between the CInt and II groups (Student t test). DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure calculated as diastolic pressure + [0.333 × (systolic blood pressure − diastolic pressure)]; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

*Analyzed with log (ln)-transformed values, but nontransformed data are shown.

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