Clinical characteristics of CORONADO participants with T1D according to the primary outcome (tracheal intubation and/or death on D7)
| . | . | . | Primary outcome on day 7 . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | . | . | No adjustment . | Adjusted on age . | ||
| Clinical features . | Available data (N) . | All . | No (N = 43) . | Yes (N = 13) . | OR (95% CI) . | P value . | OR (95% CI) . | P value . |
| Sex (female/male) | 56 | 25/56 (44.6) | 20/43 (46.5) | 5/13 (38.5) | 0.72 (0.20–2.55) | 0.6097 | 0.73 (0.19–2.78) | 0.6415 |
| Age (years) | 56 | 56.0 ± 16.4 | 53.2 ± 15.5 | 65.3 ± 16.3 | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 0.0260 | NA | — |
| Age (categories) | 0.0664 | NA | — | |||||
| <55 years | 25/56 (44.6) | 22/43 (51.2) | 3/13 (23.1) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| 55–74 years | 21/56 (37.5) | 16/43 (37.2) | 5/13 (38.5) | 2.29 (0.48–11.0) | 0.3004 | NA | — | |
| ≥75 years | 10/56 (17.9) | 5/43 (11.6) | 5/13 (38.5) | 7.33 (1.30–41.4) | 0.0240 | NA | — | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 50 | 26.0 [15.0; 39.5] | 25.0 [15.0; 34.5] | 40.0 [20.5; 52.0] | 1.22 (0.57–2.62) | 0.6071 | 0.78 (0.34–1.76) | 0.5457 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 52 | 25.8 [22.5; 29.8] | 25.1 [22.3; 29.5] | 26.3 [23.5; 32.0] | 1.45 (0.75–2.80) | 0.2706 | 1.91 (0.86–4.23) | 0.1102 |
| Obesity (yes) | 52 | 13/52 (25.0) | 9/40 (22.5) | 4/12 (33.3) | 1.72 (0.42–7.06) | 0.4502 | 2.34 (0.50–11.0) | 0.2805 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 41 | 68.3 [59.6; 80.3] | 73.2 [62.3; 82.0] | 65.0 [53.0; 68.3] | 0.52 (0.23–1.18) | 0.1174 | 0.48 (0.19–1.21) | 0.1188 |
| HbA1c (%) | 41 | 8.4 [7.6; 9.5] | 8.8 [7.9; 9.7] | 8.1 [7.0; 8.4] | 0.50 (0.21–1.18) | 0.1126 | 0.46 (0.17–1.21) | 0.1149 |
| Long-term diabetes complications | ||||||||
| Microvascular complications | 51 | 25/51 (49.0) | 18/38 (47.4) | 7/13 (53.8) | 1.30 (0.37–4.58) | 0.6871 | 1.01 (0.26–3.89) | 0.9942 |
| Severe diabetic retinopathy | 52 | 19/52 (36.5) | 14/40 (35.0) | 5/12 (41.7) | 1.33 (0.35–4.96) | 0.6745 | 1.19 (0.30–4.76) | 0.8065 |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 49 | 14/49 (28.6) | 10/36 (27.8) | 4/13 (30.8) | 1.16 (0.29–4.62) | 0.8379 | 0.71 (0.15–3.44) | 0.6712 |
| Macrovascular complications | 52 | 17/52 (32.7) | 13/39 (33.3) | 4/13 (30.8) | 0.89 (0.23–3.44) | 0.8645 | 0.47 (0.10–2.07) | 0.3156 |
| Ischemic heart disease (ACS/CAR) | 54 | 13/54 (24.1) | 9/41 (22.0) | 4/13 (30.8) | 1.58 (0.39–6.35) | 0.5190 | 0.90 (0.20–4.07) | 0.8901 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (stroke or TIA) | 55 | 5/55 (9.1) | 3/42 (7.1) | 2/13 (15.4) | 2.36 (0.35–16.0) | 0.3775 | 1.13 (0.15–8.44) | 0.9028 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 54 | 26/54 (48.1) | 16/41 (39.0) | 10/13 (76.9) | 5.21 (1.24–21.9) | 0.0242 | 3.33 (0.71–15.5) | 0.1259 |
| Dyslipidemia | 55 | 27/55 (49.1) | 19/42 (45.2) | 8/13 (61.5) | 1.94 (0.54–6.91) | 0.3083 | 0.99 (0.24–4.18) | 0.9945 |
| Tobacco use (former or current vs. never) | 48 | 18/48 (37.5) | 13/37 (35.1) | 5/11 (45.5) | 1.54 (0.39–6.03) | 0.5363 | 0.91 (0.20–4.09) | 0.9035 |
| Active cancer | 56 | 6/56 (10.7) | 3/43 (7.0) | 3/13 (23.1) | 4.00 (0.70–22.9) | 0.1192 | 2.24 (0.36–14.0) | 0.3876 |
| COPD | 54 | 2/54 (3.7) | 1/42 (2.4) | 1/12 (8.3) | 3.73 (0.22–64.5) | 0.3657 | 3.93 (0.18–84.6) | 0.3824 |
| Treated OSA | 52 | 6/52 (11.5) | 4/40 (10.0) | 2/12 (16.7) | 1.80 (0.29–11.3) | 0.5304 | 1.59 (0.24–10.5) | 0.6323 |
| Routine treatment before admission | ||||||||
| Metformin | 56 | 7/56 (12.5) | 4/43 (9.3) | 3/13 (23.1) | 2.92 (0.56–15.2) | 0.2024 | 2.93 (0.51–16.7) | 0.2270 |
| Insulin pump (yes/no) | 53 | 6/53 (11.3) | 4/40 (10.0) | 2/13 (15.4) | 1.64 (0.26–10.2) | 0.5972 | 3.15 (0.41–24.3) | 0.2706 |
| Insulin (daily dose) | 45 | 41 [25; 60] | 41 [26; 55] | 42 [21; 77] | 1.29 (0.63–2.66) | 0.4877 | 1.61 (0.70–3.69) | 0.2583 |
| ARBs and/or ACE inhibitors | 56 | 22/56 (39.3) | 15/43 (34.9) | 7/13 (53.8) | 2.18 (0.62–7.66) | 0.2252 | 1.69 (0.44–6.39) | 0.4426 |
| Statins | 56 | 23/56 (41.1) | 16/43 (37.2) | 7/13 (53.8) | 1.97 (0.56–6.90) | 0.2895 | 1.28 (0.33–4.91) | 0.7189 |
| . | . | . | Primary outcome on day 7 . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | . | . | No adjustment . | Adjusted on age . | ||
| Clinical features . | Available data (N) . | All . | No (N = 43) . | Yes (N = 13) . | OR (95% CI) . | P value . | OR (95% CI) . | P value . |
| Sex (female/male) | 56 | 25/56 (44.6) | 20/43 (46.5) | 5/13 (38.5) | 0.72 (0.20–2.55) | 0.6097 | 0.73 (0.19–2.78) | 0.6415 |
| Age (years) | 56 | 56.0 ± 16.4 | 53.2 ± 15.5 | 65.3 ± 16.3 | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 0.0260 | NA | — |
| Age (categories) | 0.0664 | NA | — | |||||
| <55 years | 25/56 (44.6) | 22/43 (51.2) | 3/13 (23.1) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| 55–74 years | 21/56 (37.5) | 16/43 (37.2) | 5/13 (38.5) | 2.29 (0.48–11.0) | 0.3004 | NA | — | |
| ≥75 years | 10/56 (17.9) | 5/43 (11.6) | 5/13 (38.5) | 7.33 (1.30–41.4) | 0.0240 | NA | — | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 50 | 26.0 [15.0; 39.5] | 25.0 [15.0; 34.5] | 40.0 [20.5; 52.0] | 1.22 (0.57–2.62) | 0.6071 | 0.78 (0.34–1.76) | 0.5457 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 52 | 25.8 [22.5; 29.8] | 25.1 [22.3; 29.5] | 26.3 [23.5; 32.0] | 1.45 (0.75–2.80) | 0.2706 | 1.91 (0.86–4.23) | 0.1102 |
| Obesity (yes) | 52 | 13/52 (25.0) | 9/40 (22.5) | 4/12 (33.3) | 1.72 (0.42–7.06) | 0.4502 | 2.34 (0.50–11.0) | 0.2805 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 41 | 68.3 [59.6; 80.3] | 73.2 [62.3; 82.0] | 65.0 [53.0; 68.3] | 0.52 (0.23–1.18) | 0.1174 | 0.48 (0.19–1.21) | 0.1188 |
| HbA1c (%) | 41 | 8.4 [7.6; 9.5] | 8.8 [7.9; 9.7] | 8.1 [7.0; 8.4] | 0.50 (0.21–1.18) | 0.1126 | 0.46 (0.17–1.21) | 0.1149 |
| Long-term diabetes complications | ||||||||
| Microvascular complications | 51 | 25/51 (49.0) | 18/38 (47.4) | 7/13 (53.8) | 1.30 (0.37–4.58) | 0.6871 | 1.01 (0.26–3.89) | 0.9942 |
| Severe diabetic retinopathy | 52 | 19/52 (36.5) | 14/40 (35.0) | 5/12 (41.7) | 1.33 (0.35–4.96) | 0.6745 | 1.19 (0.30–4.76) | 0.8065 |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 49 | 14/49 (28.6) | 10/36 (27.8) | 4/13 (30.8) | 1.16 (0.29–4.62) | 0.8379 | 0.71 (0.15–3.44) | 0.6712 |
| Macrovascular complications | 52 | 17/52 (32.7) | 13/39 (33.3) | 4/13 (30.8) | 0.89 (0.23–3.44) | 0.8645 | 0.47 (0.10–2.07) | 0.3156 |
| Ischemic heart disease (ACS/CAR) | 54 | 13/54 (24.1) | 9/41 (22.0) | 4/13 (30.8) | 1.58 (0.39–6.35) | 0.5190 | 0.90 (0.20–4.07) | 0.8901 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (stroke or TIA) | 55 | 5/55 (9.1) | 3/42 (7.1) | 2/13 (15.4) | 2.36 (0.35–16.0) | 0.3775 | 1.13 (0.15–8.44) | 0.9028 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 54 | 26/54 (48.1) | 16/41 (39.0) | 10/13 (76.9) | 5.21 (1.24–21.9) | 0.0242 | 3.33 (0.71–15.5) | 0.1259 |
| Dyslipidemia | 55 | 27/55 (49.1) | 19/42 (45.2) | 8/13 (61.5) | 1.94 (0.54–6.91) | 0.3083 | 0.99 (0.24–4.18) | 0.9945 |
| Tobacco use (former or current vs. never) | 48 | 18/48 (37.5) | 13/37 (35.1) | 5/11 (45.5) | 1.54 (0.39–6.03) | 0.5363 | 0.91 (0.20–4.09) | 0.9035 |
| Active cancer | 56 | 6/56 (10.7) | 3/43 (7.0) | 3/13 (23.1) | 4.00 (0.70–22.9) | 0.1192 | 2.24 (0.36–14.0) | 0.3876 |
| COPD | 54 | 2/54 (3.7) | 1/42 (2.4) | 1/12 (8.3) | 3.73 (0.22–64.5) | 0.3657 | 3.93 (0.18–84.6) | 0.3824 |
| Treated OSA | 52 | 6/52 (11.5) | 4/40 (10.0) | 2/12 (16.7) | 1.80 (0.29–11.3) | 0.5304 | 1.59 (0.24–10.5) | 0.6323 |
| Routine treatment before admission | ||||||||
| Metformin | 56 | 7/56 (12.5) | 4/43 (9.3) | 3/13 (23.1) | 2.92 (0.56–15.2) | 0.2024 | 2.93 (0.51–16.7) | 0.2270 |
| Insulin pump (yes/no) | 53 | 6/53 (11.3) | 4/40 (10.0) | 2/13 (15.4) | 1.64 (0.26–10.2) | 0.5972 | 3.15 (0.41–24.3) | 0.2706 |
| Insulin (daily dose) | 45 | 41 [25; 60] | 41 [26; 55] | 42 [21; 77] | 1.29 (0.63–2.66) | 0.4877 | 1.61 (0.70–3.69) | 0.2583 |
| ARBs and/or ACE inhibitors | 56 | 22/56 (39.3) | 15/43 (34.9) | 7/13 (53.8) | 2.18 (0.62–7.66) | 0.2252 | 1.69 (0.44–6.39) | 0.4426 |
| Statins | 56 | 23/56 (41.1) | 16/43 (37.2) | 7/13 (53.8) | 1.97 (0.56–6.90) | 0.2895 | 1.28 (0.33–4.91) | 0.7189 |
Data are presented as numbers (%), mean ± SD, or, if not normally distributed, median [25th; 75th percentile]. P values are calculated using Wald test in logistic regression model before/after adjustment on age. BMI, diabetes duration, HbA1c, and insulin (daily dose) were natural-log transformed before OR calculation, and the OR are calculated for an increase of 1 SD. ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ARB, angiotensin 2 receptor blocker; CAR, coronary artery revascularization; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NA, not applicable; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; TIA, transient ischemic attack. HBA1c corresponds to the HBA1c value determined in the 6 months prior to or in the first 7 days following hospital admission. Microvascular complications were defined as severe diabetic retinopathy (proliferative retinopathy and/or laser photocoagulation and/or clinically significant macular edema requiring laser and/or intravitreal injections) and/or diabetic kidney disease (proteinuria [albumin excretion rate ≥300 mg/24 h; urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥300 mg/g; urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >30 mg/mmol creatinine; proteinuria ≥500 mg/24 h] and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2, using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI] formula) and/or history of diabetic foot ulcer. Macrovascular complications were defined as ischemic heart disease (ACS and/or CAR) and/or cerebrovascular disease (stroke or TIA) and/or peripheral artery disease (amputation owing to ischemic disease and/or lower-limb artery revascularization).