Characteristics of mothers during HAPO pregnancy OGTT and their children at follow-up according to mother’s GDM status
| . | Overall . | GDM* . | No GDM . |
|---|---|---|---|
| During HAPO pregnancy . | n = 4,160 . | n = 589 . | n = 3,571 . |
| Characteristics (mothers) . | Mean (SD) . | Mean (SD) . | Mean (SD) . |
| Age at OGTT (years) | 29.9 (5.7) | 31.8 (5.3) | 29.6 (5.7) |
| Gestational age at OGTT (weeks) | 27.6 (1.7) | 27.9 (1.7) | 27.6 (1.7) |
| Height (cm) | 161.7 (6.8) | 160.9 (7.0) | 161.8 (6.8) |
| Weight (kg) | 71.8 (14.1) | 77.2 (15.9) | 70.9 (13.6) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (4.9) | 29.7 (5.4) | 27.0 (4.7) |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 80.2 (7.9) | 83.3 (7.7) | 79.7 (7.8) |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.5 (0.4) | 4.9 (0.4) | 4.4 (0.3) |
| 1-h PG (mmol/L) | 7.4 (1.7) | 9.6 (1.6) | 7.0 (1.4) |
| 2-h PG (mmol/L) | 6.1 (1.3) | 7.7 (1.5) | 5.9 (1.1) |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | 1,778 (42.7) | 215 (36.5) | 1,563 (43.8) |
| Hispanic | 465 (11.2) | 104 (17.7) | 361 (10.1)) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 719 (17.3) | 71 (12.1) | 648 (18.1) |
| Asian | 1,125 (27.0) | 184 (31.2) | 941 (26.4) |
| Other | 73 (1.8) | 15 (2.5) | 58 (1.6) |
| Any prenatal smoking | 177 (4.3) | 33 (5.6) | 144 (4.0) |
| Any prenatal alcohol use | 283 (6.8) | 39 (6.6) | 244 (6.8) |
| Parity (any prior delivery ≥20 weeks) | 2,146 (51.6) | 334 (56.7) | 1,812 (50.7) |
| Characteristics (children), at follow-up | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
| Age (years) | 11.4 (1.2) | 11.4 (1.3) | 11.3 (1.2) |
| Height (cm) | 148.5 (10.4) | 149.4 (9.9) | 148.4 (10.4) |
| Weight (kg) | 43.2 (13.6) | 45.9 (14.5) | 42.7 (13.4) |
| BMI z score | 0.47 (1.25) | 0.73 (1.31) | 0.43 (1.24) |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 38.8 (21.3) | 43.6 (23.8) | 38.1 (20.8) |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Sex (female) | 2,036 (48.9) | 272 (46.2) | 1,764 (49.4) |
| Tanner stage (girls) | |||
| 1 | 340 (19.0) | 39 (16.0) | 301 (19.5) |
| 2/3 | 761 (42.6) | 108 (44.4) | 653 (42.3) |
| 4/5 | 686 (38.4) | 96 (39.5) | 590 (38.2) |
| Tanner stage (boys) | |||
| 1 | 523 (35.8) | 66 (31.4) | 457 (36.6) |
| 2/3 | 673 (46.1) | 100 (47.6) | 573 (45.9) |
| 4/5 | 263 (18.0) | 44 (21.0) | 219 (17.5) |
| Family history of diabetes | 1,899 (45.7) | 358 (60.8) | 1,541 (43.2) |
| Outcomes (children) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.0 (0.4) | 5.1 (0.4) | 5.0 (0.4) |
| 30-min glucose (mmol/L) | 7.8 (1.3) | 8.2 (1.4) | 7.7 (1.3) |
| 1-h glucose (mmol/L) | 6.8 (1.7) | 7.3 (1.8) | 6.8 (1.7) |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 6.0 (1.2) | 6.2 (1.2) | 5.9 (1.1) |
| Sum of glucose z scores | −0.01 (2.8) | 0.9 (2.9) | −0.2 (2.8) |
| Matsuda index | 1,810.9 (747.3) | 1,620.0 (681.8) | 1,838.4 (753.3) |
| Insulinogenic index | 0.82 (0.69) | 0.78 (0.64) | 0.82 (0.70) |
| Disposition index | 7.02 (0.58) | 6.88 (0.59) | 7.05 (0.57) |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| IFG-ADA | 316 (7.6) | 54 (9.2) | 262 (7.4) |
| IFG-WHO | 23 (0.6) | 3 (0.5) | 20 (0.6) |
| IGT | 238 (5.8) | 61 (10.6) | 177 (5.0) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 10 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) | 8 (0.2) |
| . | Overall . | GDM* . | No GDM . |
|---|---|---|---|
| During HAPO pregnancy . | n = 4,160 . | n = 589 . | n = 3,571 . |
| Characteristics (mothers) . | Mean (SD) . | Mean (SD) . | Mean (SD) . |
| Age at OGTT (years) | 29.9 (5.7) | 31.8 (5.3) | 29.6 (5.7) |
| Gestational age at OGTT (weeks) | 27.6 (1.7) | 27.9 (1.7) | 27.6 (1.7) |
| Height (cm) | 161.7 (6.8) | 160.9 (7.0) | 161.8 (6.8) |
| Weight (kg) | 71.8 (14.1) | 77.2 (15.9) | 70.9 (13.6) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (4.9) | 29.7 (5.4) | 27.0 (4.7) |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 80.2 (7.9) | 83.3 (7.7) | 79.7 (7.8) |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.5 (0.4) | 4.9 (0.4) | 4.4 (0.3) |
| 1-h PG (mmol/L) | 7.4 (1.7) | 9.6 (1.6) | 7.0 (1.4) |
| 2-h PG (mmol/L) | 6.1 (1.3) | 7.7 (1.5) | 5.9 (1.1) |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | 1,778 (42.7) | 215 (36.5) | 1,563 (43.8) |
| Hispanic | 465 (11.2) | 104 (17.7) | 361 (10.1)) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 719 (17.3) | 71 (12.1) | 648 (18.1) |
| Asian | 1,125 (27.0) | 184 (31.2) | 941 (26.4) |
| Other | 73 (1.8) | 15 (2.5) | 58 (1.6) |
| Any prenatal smoking | 177 (4.3) | 33 (5.6) | 144 (4.0) |
| Any prenatal alcohol use | 283 (6.8) | 39 (6.6) | 244 (6.8) |
| Parity (any prior delivery ≥20 weeks) | 2,146 (51.6) | 334 (56.7) | 1,812 (50.7) |
| Characteristics (children), at follow-up | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
| Age (years) | 11.4 (1.2) | 11.4 (1.3) | 11.3 (1.2) |
| Height (cm) | 148.5 (10.4) | 149.4 (9.9) | 148.4 (10.4) |
| Weight (kg) | 43.2 (13.6) | 45.9 (14.5) | 42.7 (13.4) |
| BMI z score | 0.47 (1.25) | 0.73 (1.31) | 0.43 (1.24) |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 38.8 (21.3) | 43.6 (23.8) | 38.1 (20.8) |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Sex (female) | 2,036 (48.9) | 272 (46.2) | 1,764 (49.4) |
| Tanner stage (girls) | |||
| 1 | 340 (19.0) | 39 (16.0) | 301 (19.5) |
| 2/3 | 761 (42.6) | 108 (44.4) | 653 (42.3) |
| 4/5 | 686 (38.4) | 96 (39.5) | 590 (38.2) |
| Tanner stage (boys) | |||
| 1 | 523 (35.8) | 66 (31.4) | 457 (36.6) |
| 2/3 | 673 (46.1) | 100 (47.6) | 573 (45.9) |
| 4/5 | 263 (18.0) | 44 (21.0) | 219 (17.5) |
| Family history of diabetes | 1,899 (45.7) | 358 (60.8) | 1,541 (43.2) |
| Outcomes (children) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.0 (0.4) | 5.1 (0.4) | 5.0 (0.4) |
| 30-min glucose (mmol/L) | 7.8 (1.3) | 8.2 (1.4) | 7.7 (1.3) |
| 1-h glucose (mmol/L) | 6.8 (1.7) | 7.3 (1.8) | 6.8 (1.7) |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 6.0 (1.2) | 6.2 (1.2) | 5.9 (1.1) |
| Sum of glucose z scores | −0.01 (2.8) | 0.9 (2.9) | −0.2 (2.8) |
| Matsuda index | 1,810.9 (747.3) | 1,620.0 (681.8) | 1,838.4 (753.3) |
| Insulinogenic index | 0.82 (0.69) | 0.78 (0.64) | 0.82 (0.70) |
| Disposition index | 7.02 (0.58) | 6.88 (0.59) | 7.05 (0.57) |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| IFG-ADA | 316 (7.6) | 54 (9.2) | 262 (7.4) |
| IFG-WHO | 23 (0.6) | 3 (0.5) | 20 (0.6) |
| IGT | 238 (5.8) | 61 (10.6) | 177 (5.0) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 10 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) | 8 (0.2) |
Type 2 diabetes (FPG ≥7.0 and/or 2-h PG ≥11.0 mmol/L). Disposition index is reported on a log scale.
*GDM is defined by IADPSG/WHO criteria (one or more glucose values from a 75-g OGTT equals or exceeds FPG 5.1 mmol/L, 1-h 10.0 mmol/L, 2-h 8.5 mmol/L).