Association of continuous maternal measures of glucose during pregnancy with child metabolic outcomes
| . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous child metabolic outcomes . | β (95% CI) P value, adjusted R2 . | β (95% CI) P value, adjusted R2 . | β (95% CI) P value, adjusted R2 . | β (95% CI) P value, adjusted R2 . |
| Maternal fasting glucose* | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.044 (0.033–0.056) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 | 0.046 (0.034–0.058) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 | 0.042 (0.031–0.054) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 | 0.046 (0.034–0.058) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 |
| 30-min glucose (mmol/L) | 0.055 (0.012–0.10) P = 0.013, R2 = 0.12 | 0.063 (0.019–0.11) P = 0.006, R2 = 0.12 | 0.052 (0.0083–0.096) P = 0.019, R2 = 0.12 | 0.064 (0.018–0.11) P = 0.006, R2 = 0.12 |
| 1-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.0022 (−0.054 to 0.059) P = 0.93, R2 = 0.07 | 0.0.011 (−0.048 to 0.068) P = 0.73, R2 = 0.07 | −0.0017 (−0.058 to 0.055) P = 0.96, R2 = 0.07 | 0.010 (−0.048 to 0.068) P = 0.73, R2 = 0.07 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.032 (−0.0061 to 0.069) P = 0.10, R2 = 0.08 | 0.033 (−0.0061 to 0.073) P = 0.095, R2 = 0.08 | 0.019 (−0.018 to 0.057) P = 0.31, R2 = 0.09 | 0.032 (−0.0061 to 0.071) P = 0.10, R2 = 0.09 |
| Sum of glucose z scores | 0.19 (0.10–0.27) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.16 | 0.20 (0.11–0.29) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.16 | 0.16 (0.08–0.25) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 | 0.20 (0.11–0.29) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 |
| A1C (%) | 0.014 (0.005–0.024) P = 0.003, R2 = 0.10 | 0.013 (0.003–0.022) P = 0.009, R2 = 0.10 | 0.012 (0.002–0.021) P = 0.01, R2 = 0.11 | 0.013 (0.003–0.023) P = 0.01, R2 = 0.11 |
| Matsuda index | −62.2 (−84.5 to −39.3) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | −45.3 (−68.7 to −21.8) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | −37.1 (−57.3 to −16.9) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.38 | −43.6 (−64.4 to −22.9) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.38 |
| Insulinogenic index | 0.028 (0.0042–0.052), P = 0.022, R2 = 0.06 | 0.014 (−0.011 to 0.039) P = 0.27, R2 = 0.06 | 0.0018 (−0.0053 to 0.042) P = 0.13, R2 = 0.08 | 0.013 (−0.011 to 0.037) P = 0.29, R2 = 0.08 |
| Disposition index | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.02) P = 0.76, R2 = 0.07 | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) P = 0.55, R2 = 0.07 | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.02) P = 0.93, R2 = 0.07 | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) P = 0.56, R2 = 0.07 |
| Maternal 1-h glucose* | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.025 (0.013–0.037) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | 0.024 (0.013–0.036) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | 0.023 (0.012–0.035) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | 0.024 (0.013–0.036) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 |
| 30-min glucose (mmol/L) | 0.17 (0.13–0.21) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.13 | 0.18 (0.13–0.22) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.13 | 0.17 (0.13–0.21) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.13 | 0.18 (0.13–0.22) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.13 |
| 1-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.20 (0.14–0.25) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.20 (0.15–0.26) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.19 (0.14–0.25) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.20 (0.15–0.26) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.10 (0.063–0.14) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.10 (0.063–0.14) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.092 (0.055–0.13) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.10 | 0.098 (0.061–0.14) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 |
| Sum of glucose z scores | 0.40 (0.31–0.48) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.18 | 0.40 (0.32–0.49) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.18 | 0.38 (0.30–0.47) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.18 | 0.40 (0.31–0.49) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.18 |
| A1C (%) | 0.019 (0.010–0.028) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.11 | 0.018 (0.009–0.028) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.11 | 0.017 (0.008–0.027) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.018 (0.008–0.027) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 |
| Matsuda index | −75.3 (−97.6 to −52.9) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | −67.1 (89.5 to −44.7) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 | −59.9 (−79.64 to −39.8) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.39 | −62.2 (−82.4 to −42.0) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.39 |
| Insulinogenic index | −0.034 (−0.58 to −0.01) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.05 | −0.042 (−0.066 to −0.018) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.06 | −0.041 (−0.065 to −0.018) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.045 (−0.068 to −0.021) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.06 |
| Disposition index | −0.07 (−0.10 to −0.06) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.08 (−0.10 to −0.06), P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.07 (−0.09 to −0.05) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.08 (−0.10 to −0.06) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 |
| Maternal 2-h glucose* | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.016 (0.0039–0.027) P = 0.008, R2 = 0.23 | 0.015 (0.0–39–0.027) P = 0.010, R2 = 0.23 | 0.014 (0.00028–0.026) P = 0.014, R2 = 0.23 | 0.014 (0.0033–0.026) P = 0.012, R2 = 0.23 |
| 30-min glucose (mmol/L) | 0.093 (0.051–0.14) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.096 (0.053–0.14) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.092 (0.050–0.13) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.095 (0.053–0.14) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 |
| 1-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.14 (0.088–0.20) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | 0.15 (0.092–0.20) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | 0.14 (0.087–0.20) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | 0.15 (0.091–0.20) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.062 (0.024–0.10) P = 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.062 (0.0.025–0.099) P = 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.056 (0.0.019–0.092) P = 0.003, R2 = 0.10 | 0.059 (0.023–0.10) P = 0.002, R2 = 0.10 |
| Sum of glucose z scores | 0.25 (0.16–0.34) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 | 0.25 (0.16–0.34) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 | 0.24 (0.15–0.33) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 | 0.25 (0.16–0.33) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 |
| A1C (%) | 0.011 (0.002–0.021) P = 0.02, R2 = 0.10 | 0.010 (0.0009–0.020) P = 0.03, R2 = 0.10 | 0.010 (0.0004–0.019) P = 0.04, R2 = 0.11 | 0.010 (0.0005–0.019) P = 0.04, R2 = 0.11 |
| Matsuda index | −52.4 (−74.7 to −30.0) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | −46.4 (−68.2 to −24.0) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | −40.4 (−60.0 to −20.2) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.38 | −41.5 (−61.6 to −21.8) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.38 |
| Insulinogenic index | −0.018 (−0.042 to 0.0048) P = 0.12, R2 = 0.05 | −0.024 (−0.048 to −0.0059) P = 0.046, R2 = 0.06 | −0.024 (−0.048 to −0.0012) P = 0.040, R2 = 0.08 | −0.026 (−0.049 to −0.0030) P = 0.026, R2 = 0.08 |
| Disposition index | −0.05 (−0.07 to −0.03) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | −0.05 (−0.07 to −0.03) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | −0.07 (−0.07 to −0.03) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | −0.05 (−0.07 to −0.03) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 |
| Maternal sum of glucose z scores | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.016 (0.011–0.021) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | 0.013 (0.011–0.021) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | 0.015 (0.010–0.019) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 | 0.015 (0.011–0.021) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 |
| 30-min glucose (mmol/L) | 0.059 (0.041–0.078) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.063 (0.044–0.082) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.058 (0.040–0.077) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.063 (0.044–0.082) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.13 |
| 1-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.064 (0.040–0.088) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | 0.069 (0.044–0.093) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | 0.062 (0.039–0.086) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | 0.068 (0.044–0.092) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.036 (0.020–0.052) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.037 (0.021–0.053) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.031 (0.015–0.047) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.10 | 0.036 (0.020–0.052) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.10 |
| Sum of glucose z scores | 0.15 (0.12–0.19) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 | 0.16 (0.12–0.20) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 | 0.15 (0.11–0.18) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.18 | 0.16 (0.12–0.20) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.18 |
| A1C (%) | 0.008 (0.004–0.012) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.11 | 0.008 (0.004–0.012) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.11 | 0.007 (0.003–0.012) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.008 (0.004–0.012) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 |
| Matsuda index | −34.9 (−44.7 to −25.6) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | −30.0 (−39.3 to −20.2) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 | −25.6 (−33.8 to −16.9) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.38 | −27.8 (−36.5 to −19.1) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.38 |
| Insulinogenic index | −0.0048 (−0.015 to 0.0053) P = 0.34, R2 = 0.05 | −0.010 (−0.021 to 0.00) P = 0.047, R2 = 0.052 | −0.089 (−0.019 to 0.0012) P = 0.081, R2 = 0.08 | −0.011 (−0.021 to 0.0012) P = 0.031, R2 = 0.08 |
| Disposition index | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.2) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.03 (−0.03 to −0.02) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.03 (−0.03 to 0.02) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 |
| Dichotomous child metabolic outcomes | OR (95% CI) P value, C statistic | OR (95% CI) P value, C statistic | OR (95% CI) P value, C statistic | OR (95% CI) P value, C statistic |
| Maternal fasting glucose** | ||||
| IFG | 1.22 (1.07–1.39) P = 0.003, C = 0.78 | 1.23 (1.07–1.40) P = 0.003, C = 0.78 | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) P = 0.004, C = 0.78 | 1.22 (1.07–1.40) P = 0.003, C = 0.78 |
| IGT | 1.10 (0.96–1.27) P = 0.19, C = 0.69 | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) P = 0.13, C = 0.69 | 1.08 (0.94–1.25) P = 0.28, C = 0.70 | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) P = 0.13, C = 0.70 |
| Maternal 1-h glucose** | ||||
| IFG | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) P = 0.084, C = 0.78 | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) P = 0.089, C = 0.78 | 1.11 (0.98–1.27) P = 0.10, C = 0.78 | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) P = 0.097, C = 0.78 |
| IGT | 1.40 (1.22–1.61) P < 0.001, C = 0.70 | 1.42 (1.23–1.63) P < 0.001, C = 0.70 | 1.39 (1.21–1.60) P < 0.001, C = 0.71 | 1.42 (1.23–1.63) P < 0.001, C = 0.71 |
| Maternal 2-h glucose** | ||||
| IFG | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) P = 0.24, C = 0.78 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) P = 0.25, C = 0.78 | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) P = 0.28, C = 0.78 | 1.08 (0.94–1.22) P = 0.27, C = 0.78 |
| IGT | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) P = 0.025, C = 0.69 | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) P = 0.021, C = 0.69 | 1.16 (1.01–1.33) P = 0.034, C = 0.70 | 1.17 (1.02–1.34 P = 0.023, C = 0.70 |
| Maternal sum of glucose z scores | ||||
| IFG | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) P = 0.013, C = 0.78 | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) P = 0.013, C = 0.78 | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) P = 0.018, C = 0.78 | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) P = 0.015, C = 0.78 |
| IGT | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) P < 0.001, C = 0.70 | 1.12 (1.06–1.19) P < 0.001, C = 0.70 | 1.10 (1.04–1.17) P < 0.001, C = 0.70 | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) P < 0.001, C = 0.71 |
| . | Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous child metabolic outcomes . | β (95% CI) P value, adjusted R2 . | β (95% CI) P value, adjusted R2 . | β (95% CI) P value, adjusted R2 . | β (95% CI) P value, adjusted R2 . |
| Maternal fasting glucose* | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.044 (0.033–0.056) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 | 0.046 (0.034–0.058) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 | 0.042 (0.031–0.054) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 | 0.046 (0.034–0.058) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 |
| 30-min glucose (mmol/L) | 0.055 (0.012–0.10) P = 0.013, R2 = 0.12 | 0.063 (0.019–0.11) P = 0.006, R2 = 0.12 | 0.052 (0.0083–0.096) P = 0.019, R2 = 0.12 | 0.064 (0.018–0.11) P = 0.006, R2 = 0.12 |
| 1-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.0022 (−0.054 to 0.059) P = 0.93, R2 = 0.07 | 0.0.011 (−0.048 to 0.068) P = 0.73, R2 = 0.07 | −0.0017 (−0.058 to 0.055) P = 0.96, R2 = 0.07 | 0.010 (−0.048 to 0.068) P = 0.73, R2 = 0.07 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.032 (−0.0061 to 0.069) P = 0.10, R2 = 0.08 | 0.033 (−0.0061 to 0.073) P = 0.095, R2 = 0.08 | 0.019 (−0.018 to 0.057) P = 0.31, R2 = 0.09 | 0.032 (−0.0061 to 0.071) P = 0.10, R2 = 0.09 |
| Sum of glucose z scores | 0.19 (0.10–0.27) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.16 | 0.20 (0.11–0.29) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.16 | 0.16 (0.08–0.25) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 | 0.20 (0.11–0.29) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 |
| A1C (%) | 0.014 (0.005–0.024) P = 0.003, R2 = 0.10 | 0.013 (0.003–0.022) P = 0.009, R2 = 0.10 | 0.012 (0.002–0.021) P = 0.01, R2 = 0.11 | 0.013 (0.003–0.023) P = 0.01, R2 = 0.11 |
| Matsuda index | −62.2 (−84.5 to −39.3) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | −45.3 (−68.7 to −21.8) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | −37.1 (−57.3 to −16.9) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.38 | −43.6 (−64.4 to −22.9) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.38 |
| Insulinogenic index | 0.028 (0.0042–0.052), P = 0.022, R2 = 0.06 | 0.014 (−0.011 to 0.039) P = 0.27, R2 = 0.06 | 0.0018 (−0.0053 to 0.042) P = 0.13, R2 = 0.08 | 0.013 (−0.011 to 0.037) P = 0.29, R2 = 0.08 |
| Disposition index | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.02) P = 0.76, R2 = 0.07 | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) P = 0.55, R2 = 0.07 | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.02) P = 0.93, R2 = 0.07 | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) P = 0.56, R2 = 0.07 |
| Maternal 1-h glucose* | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.025 (0.013–0.037) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | 0.024 (0.013–0.036) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | 0.023 (0.012–0.035) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | 0.024 (0.013–0.036) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 |
| 30-min glucose (mmol/L) | 0.17 (0.13–0.21) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.13 | 0.18 (0.13–0.22) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.13 | 0.17 (0.13–0.21) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.13 | 0.18 (0.13–0.22) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.13 |
| 1-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.20 (0.14–0.25) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.20 (0.15–0.26) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.19 (0.14–0.25) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.20 (0.15–0.26) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.10 (0.063–0.14) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.10 (0.063–0.14) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.092 (0.055–0.13) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.10 | 0.098 (0.061–0.14) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 |
| Sum of glucose z scores | 0.40 (0.31–0.48) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.18 | 0.40 (0.32–0.49) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.18 | 0.38 (0.30–0.47) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.18 | 0.40 (0.31–0.49) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.18 |
| A1C (%) | 0.019 (0.010–0.028) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.11 | 0.018 (0.009–0.028) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.11 | 0.017 (0.008–0.027) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.018 (0.008–0.027) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 |
| Matsuda index | −75.3 (−97.6 to −52.9) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | −67.1 (89.5 to −44.7) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 | −59.9 (−79.64 to −39.8) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.39 | −62.2 (−82.4 to −42.0) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.39 |
| Insulinogenic index | −0.034 (−0.58 to −0.01) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.05 | −0.042 (−0.066 to −0.018) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.06 | −0.041 (−0.065 to −0.018) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.045 (−0.068 to −0.021) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.06 |
| Disposition index | −0.07 (−0.10 to −0.06) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.08 (−0.10 to −0.06), P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.07 (−0.09 to −0.05) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.08 (−0.10 to −0.06) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 |
| Maternal 2-h glucose* | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.016 (0.0039–0.027) P = 0.008, R2 = 0.23 | 0.015 (0.0–39–0.027) P = 0.010, R2 = 0.23 | 0.014 (0.00028–0.026) P = 0.014, R2 = 0.23 | 0.014 (0.0033–0.026) P = 0.012, R2 = 0.23 |
| 30-min glucose (mmol/L) | 0.093 (0.051–0.14) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.096 (0.053–0.14) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.092 (0.050–0.13) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.095 (0.053–0.14) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 |
| 1-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.14 (0.088–0.20) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | 0.15 (0.092–0.20) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | 0.14 (0.087–0.20) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | 0.15 (0.091–0.20) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.062 (0.024–0.10) P = 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.062 (0.0.025–0.099) P = 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.056 (0.0.019–0.092) P = 0.003, R2 = 0.10 | 0.059 (0.023–0.10) P = 0.002, R2 = 0.10 |
| Sum of glucose z scores | 0.25 (0.16–0.34) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 | 0.25 (0.16–0.34) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 | 0.24 (0.15–0.33) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 | 0.25 (0.16–0.33) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 |
| A1C (%) | 0.011 (0.002–0.021) P = 0.02, R2 = 0.10 | 0.010 (0.0009–0.020) P = 0.03, R2 = 0.10 | 0.010 (0.0004–0.019) P = 0.04, R2 = 0.11 | 0.010 (0.0005–0.019) P = 0.04, R2 = 0.11 |
| Matsuda index | −52.4 (−74.7 to −30.0) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | −46.4 (−68.2 to −24.0) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | −40.4 (−60.0 to −20.2) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.38 | −41.5 (−61.6 to −21.8) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.38 |
| Insulinogenic index | −0.018 (−0.042 to 0.0048) P = 0.12, R2 = 0.05 | −0.024 (−0.048 to −0.0059) P = 0.046, R2 = 0.06 | −0.024 (−0.048 to −0.0012) P = 0.040, R2 = 0.08 | −0.026 (−0.049 to −0.0030) P = 0.026, R2 = 0.08 |
| Disposition index | −0.05 (−0.07 to −0.03) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | −0.05 (−0.07 to −0.03) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | −0.07 (−0.07 to −0.03) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | −0.05 (−0.07 to −0.03) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 |
| Maternal sum of glucose z scores | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.016 (0.011–0.021) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | 0.013 (0.011–0.021) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | 0.015 (0.010–0.019) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 | 0.015 (0.011–0.021) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 |
| 30-min glucose (mmol/L) | 0.059 (0.041–0.078) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.063 (0.044–0.082) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.058 (0.040–0.077) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.063 (0.044–0.082) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.13 |
| 1-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.064 (0.040–0.088) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | 0.069 (0.044–0.093) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | 0.062 (0.039–0.086) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 | 0.068 (0.044–0.092) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.07 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.036 (0.020–0.052) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.037 (0.021–0.053) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | 0.031 (0.015–0.047) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.10 | 0.036 (0.020–0.052) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.10 |
| Sum of glucose z scores | 0.15 (0.12–0.19) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 | 0.16 (0.12–0.20) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.17 | 0.15 (0.11–0.18) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.18 | 0.16 (0.12–0.20) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.18 |
| A1C (%) | 0.008 (0.004–0.012) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.11 | 0.008 (0.004–0.012) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.11 | 0.007 (0.003–0.012) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 | 0.008 (0.004–0.012) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.12 |
| Matsuda index | −34.9 (−44.7 to −25.6) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.23 | −30.0 (−39.3 to −20.2) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.24 | −25.6 (−33.8 to −16.9) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.38 | −27.8 (−36.5 to −19.1) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.38 |
| Insulinogenic index | −0.0048 (−0.015 to 0.0053) P = 0.34, R2 = 0.05 | −0.010 (−0.021 to 0.00) P = 0.047, R2 = 0.052 | −0.089 (−0.019 to 0.0012) P = 0.081, R2 = 0.08 | −0.011 (−0.021 to 0.0012) P = 0.031, R2 = 0.08 |
| Disposition index | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.2) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.03 (−0.03 to −0.02) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.02 (−0.03 to −0.01) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 | −0.03 (−0.03 to 0.02) P < 0.001, R2 = 0.08 |
| Dichotomous child metabolic outcomes | OR (95% CI) P value, C statistic | OR (95% CI) P value, C statistic | OR (95% CI) P value, C statistic | OR (95% CI) P value, C statistic |
| Maternal fasting glucose** | ||||
| IFG | 1.22 (1.07–1.39) P = 0.003, C = 0.78 | 1.23 (1.07–1.40) P = 0.003, C = 0.78 | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) P = 0.004, C = 0.78 | 1.22 (1.07–1.40) P = 0.003, C = 0.78 |
| IGT | 1.10 (0.96–1.27) P = 0.19, C = 0.69 | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) P = 0.13, C = 0.69 | 1.08 (0.94–1.25) P = 0.28, C = 0.70 | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) P = 0.13, C = 0.70 |
| Maternal 1-h glucose** | ||||
| IFG | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) P = 0.084, C = 0.78 | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) P = 0.089, C = 0.78 | 1.11 (0.98–1.27) P = 0.10, C = 0.78 | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) P = 0.097, C = 0.78 |
| IGT | 1.40 (1.22–1.61) P < 0.001, C = 0.70 | 1.42 (1.23–1.63) P < 0.001, C = 0.70 | 1.39 (1.21–1.60) P < 0.001, C = 0.71 | 1.42 (1.23–1.63) P < 0.001, C = 0.71 |
| Maternal 2-h glucose** | ||||
| IFG | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) P = 0.24, C = 0.78 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) P = 0.25, C = 0.78 | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) P = 0.28, C = 0.78 | 1.08 (0.94–1.22) P = 0.27, C = 0.78 |
| IGT | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) P = 0.025, C = 0.69 | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) P = 0.021, C = 0.69 | 1.16 (1.01–1.33) P = 0.034, C = 0.70 | 1.17 (1.02–1.34 P = 0.023, C = 0.70 |
| Maternal sum of glucose z scores | ||||
| IFG | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) P = 0.013, C = 0.78 | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) P = 0.013, C = 0.78 | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) P = 0.018, C = 0.78 | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) P = 0.015, C = 0.78 |
| IGT | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) P < 0.001, C = 0.70 | 1.12 (1.06–1.19) P < 0.001, C = 0.70 | 1.10 (1.04–1.17) P < 0.001, C = 0.70 | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) P < 0.001, C = 0.71 |
Model 1: Adjusted for field center + child age, sex, pubertal status (Tanner stage 1, 2/3, 4/5, sex × Tanner stage interaction) + maternal variables at pregnancy OGTT (age, height, mean arterial pressure, parity [0, 1+], smoking [yes/no], drinking [yes/no], gestational age), child’s family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives. Model 2: model 1 + maternal BMI at pregnancy OGTT. Model 3: model 1 + child’s BMI z score. Model 4: model 1 + maternal BMI at pregnancy OGTT + child’s BMI z score.
*β-Values for child continuous outcomes are reported for maternal fasting, 1-h, and 2-h glucose values higher by 1 SD.
**ORs are reported for maternal fasting, 1-h, and 2-h glucose values higher by 1 SD.