Hazard ratios for development of retinopathy and microalbuminuria outcomes according to glycemic metrics
| . | . | Retinopathy outcome . | Microalbuminuria outcome . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | HR per change of . | Unadjusted HR (95% CI)* . | Adjusted HR (95% CI)† . | Unadjusted HR (95% CI)* . | Adjusted HR (95% CI)† . |
| Overall | |||||
| TIR | 10% | 1.58 (1.46–1.71) | 1.64 (1.51–1.78) | 1.37 (1.23–1.53) | 1.40 (1.25–1.56) |
| Mean glucose | 15 mg/dL | 1.20 (1.17–1.23) | 1.22 (1.19–1.26) | 1.15 (1.10–1.20) | 1.16 (1.11–1.21) |
| Time >180 mg/dL | 10% | 1.48 (1.39–1.57) | 1.52 (1.43–1.62) | 1.31 (1.20–1.43) | 1.33 (1.21–1.45) |
| Time >250 mg/dL | 10% | 1.43 (1.36–1.51) | 1.48 (1.40–1.57) | 1.30 (1.21–1.41) | 1.33 (1.22–1.44) |
| AUC 180 mg/dL | 20 | 1.34 (1.28–1.40) | 1.39 (1.32–1.45) | 1.27 (1.18–1.36) | 1.29 (1.20–1.39) |
| HBGI | 5 | 1.36 (1.30–1.42) | 1.40 (1.34–1.47) | 1.27 (1.19–1.37) | 1.30 (1.21–1.40) |
| A1C | 0.5% | 1.32 (1.27–1.37) | 1.37 (1.31–1.42) | 1.22 (1.15–1.28) | 1.24 (1.17–1.31) |
| Primary cohort | |||||
| TIR | 10% | 1.71 (1.50–1.94) | 1.73 (1.52–1.97) | 1.61 (1.31–1.97) | 1.61 (1.31–1.98) |
| Mean glucose | 15 mg/dL | 1.24 (1.18–1.30) | 1.24 (1.19–1.30) | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) |
| Time >180 mg/dL | 10% | 1.56 (1.41–1.73) | 1.58 (1.42–1.75) | 1.46 (1.24–1.72) | 1.46 (1.24–1.72) |
| Time >250 mg/dL | 10% | 1.50 (1.38–1.64) | 1.53 (1.40–1.67) | 1.43 (1.24–1.64) | 1.43 (1.24–1.65) |
| AUC 180 mg/dL | 20 | 1.43 (1.32–1.54) | 1.43 (1.33–1.55) | 1.40 (1.25–1.57) | 1.40 (1.25–1.56) |
| HBGI | 5 | 1.44 (1.33–1.55) | 1.45 (1.34–1.57) | 1.41 (1.26–1.59) | 1.41 (1.25–1.58) |
| A1C | 0.5% | 1.38 (1.30–1.46) | 1.41 (1.32–1.50) | 1.25 (1.13–1.37) | 1.25 (1.14–1.37) |
| Secondary cohort | |||||
| TIR | 10% | 1.53 (1.39–1.69) | 1.59 (1.43–1.76) | 1.32 (1.15–1.51) | 1.31 (1.14–1.49) |
| Mean glucose | 15 mg/dL | 1.18 (1.15–1.23) | 1.21 (1.16–1.25) | 1.13 (1.08–1.20) | 1.13 (1.07–1.19) |
| Time >180 mg/dL | 10% | 1.45 (1.34–1.56) | 1.49 (1.37–1.62) | 1.28 (1.15–1.42) | 1.27 (1.14–1.41) |
| Time >250 mg/dL | 10% | 1.41 (1.32–1.51) | 1.46 (1.35–1.57) | 1.29 (1.16–1.42) | 1.28 (1.15–1.41) |
| AUC 180 mg/dL | 20 | 1.31 (1.24–1.39) | 1.36 (1.28–1.44) | 1.23 (1.12–1.35) | 1.23 (1.11–1.35) |
| HBGI | 5 | 1.33 (1.26–1.41) | 1.37 (1.29–1.46) | 1.24 (1.13–1.36) | 1.23 (1.12–1.36) |
| A1C | 0.5% | 1.30 (1.24–1.37) | 1.34 (1.27–1.41) | 1.24 (1.15–1.33) | 1.23 (1.14–1.32) |
| . | . | Retinopathy outcome . | Microalbuminuria outcome . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | HR per change of . | Unadjusted HR (95% CI)* . | Adjusted HR (95% CI)† . | Unadjusted HR (95% CI)* . | Adjusted HR (95% CI)† . |
| Overall | |||||
| TIR | 10% | 1.58 (1.46–1.71) | 1.64 (1.51–1.78) | 1.37 (1.23–1.53) | 1.40 (1.25–1.56) |
| Mean glucose | 15 mg/dL | 1.20 (1.17–1.23) | 1.22 (1.19–1.26) | 1.15 (1.10–1.20) | 1.16 (1.11–1.21) |
| Time >180 mg/dL | 10% | 1.48 (1.39–1.57) | 1.52 (1.43–1.62) | 1.31 (1.20–1.43) | 1.33 (1.21–1.45) |
| Time >250 mg/dL | 10% | 1.43 (1.36–1.51) | 1.48 (1.40–1.57) | 1.30 (1.21–1.41) | 1.33 (1.22–1.44) |
| AUC 180 mg/dL | 20 | 1.34 (1.28–1.40) | 1.39 (1.32–1.45) | 1.27 (1.18–1.36) | 1.29 (1.20–1.39) |
| HBGI | 5 | 1.36 (1.30–1.42) | 1.40 (1.34–1.47) | 1.27 (1.19–1.37) | 1.30 (1.21–1.40) |
| A1C | 0.5% | 1.32 (1.27–1.37) | 1.37 (1.31–1.42) | 1.22 (1.15–1.28) | 1.24 (1.17–1.31) |
| Primary cohort | |||||
| TIR | 10% | 1.71 (1.50–1.94) | 1.73 (1.52–1.97) | 1.61 (1.31–1.97) | 1.61 (1.31–1.98) |
| Mean glucose | 15 mg/dL | 1.24 (1.18–1.30) | 1.24 (1.19–1.30) | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) |
| Time >180 mg/dL | 10% | 1.56 (1.41–1.73) | 1.58 (1.42–1.75) | 1.46 (1.24–1.72) | 1.46 (1.24–1.72) |
| Time >250 mg/dL | 10% | 1.50 (1.38–1.64) | 1.53 (1.40–1.67) | 1.43 (1.24–1.64) | 1.43 (1.24–1.65) |
| AUC 180 mg/dL | 20 | 1.43 (1.32–1.54) | 1.43 (1.33–1.55) | 1.40 (1.25–1.57) | 1.40 (1.25–1.56) |
| HBGI | 5 | 1.44 (1.33–1.55) | 1.45 (1.34–1.57) | 1.41 (1.26–1.59) | 1.41 (1.25–1.58) |
| A1C | 0.5% | 1.38 (1.30–1.46) | 1.41 (1.32–1.50) | 1.25 (1.13–1.37) | 1.25 (1.14–1.37) |
| Secondary cohort | |||||
| TIR | 10% | 1.53 (1.39–1.69) | 1.59 (1.43–1.76) | 1.32 (1.15–1.51) | 1.31 (1.14–1.49) |
| Mean glucose | 15 mg/dL | 1.18 (1.15–1.23) | 1.21 (1.16–1.25) | 1.13 (1.08–1.20) | 1.13 (1.07–1.19) |
| Time >180 mg/dL | 10% | 1.45 (1.34–1.56) | 1.49 (1.37–1.62) | 1.28 (1.15–1.42) | 1.27 (1.14–1.41) |
| Time >250 mg/dL | 10% | 1.41 (1.32–1.51) | 1.46 (1.35–1.57) | 1.29 (1.16–1.42) | 1.28 (1.15–1.41) |
| AUC 180 mg/dL | 20 | 1.31 (1.24–1.39) | 1.36 (1.28–1.44) | 1.23 (1.12–1.35) | 1.23 (1.11–1.35) |
| HBGI | 5 | 1.33 (1.26–1.41) | 1.37 (1.29–1.46) | 1.24 (1.13–1.36) | 1.23 (1.12–1.36) |
| A1C | 0.5% | 1.30 (1.24–1.37) | 1.34 (1.27–1.41) | 1.24 (1.15–1.33) | 1.23 (1.14–1.32) |
AUC, area under the curve; HBGI, high blood glucose index; HR, hazard ratio.
*From discrete Cox proportional hazards regression models using a time-dependent version of each glucose metric. P value <0.001 for each model.
†From discrete Cox proportional hazards regression models using a time-dependent version of each glucose metric stratified by the ETDRS level of retinopathy at baseline and adjusted for the pre-DCCT glycemic exposure represented by the preexisting duration of diabetes separately for the primary and secondary cohorts. P value <0.001 for each model. An additional model which included age and sex as covariates produced similar results.