Acetaminophen, growth hormone, cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine values by treatment group
| . | Baseline (0) (n = 15) . | Liraglutide (1) (n = 15) . | Glimepiride (2) (n = 15) . | P* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetaminophen | ||||
| Fasting (µmol/L) | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0.524 |
| Peak values (µmol/L) | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.535 |
| tAUC (min × mmol/L) | 17 ± 1 | 18 ± 1 | 18 ± 1 | 0.345 |
| iAUC (min × mmol/L) | 16 ± 1 | 17 ± 1 | 17 ± 1 | 0.320 |
| Time to peak (min) | 82 ± 6 | 96 ± 8 | 85 ± 5 | 0.138 |
| Growth hormone | ||||
| Fasting (µg/L) | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.591 |
| Peak values (µg/L) | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 0.288 |
| tAUC (min × µg/L) | 368 ± 81 | 446 ± 125 | 499 ± 112 | 0.098 |
| iAUC (min × µg/L) | 24 ± 96 | −7 ± 127 | 119 ± 153 | 0.717 |
| Cortisol | ||||
| Fasting (nmol/L) | 390 ± 34 | 327 ± 30 | 336 ± 19 | 0.074 |
| Peak values (nmol/L) | 505 ± 32†(1,2) | 398 ± 34†(0) | 415 ± 22†(0) | 0.011 |
| tAUC (min × µmol/L) | 78 ± 5†(1,2) | 67 ± 5†(0) | 69 ± 5†(0) | 0.039 |
| iAUC (min × µmol/L) | −15 ± 7 | −11 ± 5 | −11 ± 4 | 0.780 |
| Norepinephrine | ||||
| Fasting (ng/mL) | 0.33 ± 0.04 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.125 |
| Peak values (ng/mL) | 0.95 ± 0.09 | 0.99 ± 0.12 | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 0.238 |
| tAUC (min × ng/mL) | 100 ± 9 | 99 ± 10 | 87 ± 9 | 0.151 |
| iAUC (min × ng/mL) | 21 ± 6 | 37 ± 6 | 28 ± 5 | 0.095 |
| Epinephrine | ||||
| Fasting (ng/mL) | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.509 |
| Peak values (ng/mL) | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0.099 |
| tAUC (min × ng/mL) | 8 ± 2 | 9 ± 2 | 13 ± 3 | 0.677 |
| iAUC (min × ng/mL) | 2 ± 1†(2) | 2 ± 1†(2) | 7 ± 2†(0,1) | 0.028 |
| . | Baseline (0) (n = 15) . | Liraglutide (1) (n = 15) . | Glimepiride (2) (n = 15) . | P* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetaminophen | ||||
| Fasting (µmol/L) | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0.524 |
| Peak values (µmol/L) | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.535 |
| tAUC (min × mmol/L) | 17 ± 1 | 18 ± 1 | 18 ± 1 | 0.345 |
| iAUC (min × mmol/L) | 16 ± 1 | 17 ± 1 | 17 ± 1 | 0.320 |
| Time to peak (min) | 82 ± 6 | 96 ± 8 | 85 ± 5 | 0.138 |
| Growth hormone | ||||
| Fasting (µg/L) | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.591 |
| Peak values (µg/L) | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 0.288 |
| tAUC (min × µg/L) | 368 ± 81 | 446 ± 125 | 499 ± 112 | 0.098 |
| iAUC (min × µg/L) | 24 ± 96 | −7 ± 127 | 119 ± 153 | 0.717 |
| Cortisol | ||||
| Fasting (nmol/L) | 390 ± 34 | 327 ± 30 | 336 ± 19 | 0.074 |
| Peak values (nmol/L) | 505 ± 32†(1,2) | 398 ± 34†(0) | 415 ± 22†(0) | 0.011 |
| tAUC (min × µmol/L) | 78 ± 5†(1,2) | 67 ± 5†(0) | 69 ± 5†(0) | 0.039 |
| iAUC (min × µmol/L) | −15 ± 7 | −11 ± 5 | −11 ± 4 | 0.780 |
| Norepinephrine | ||||
| Fasting (ng/mL) | 0.33 ± 0.04 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.125 |
| Peak values (ng/mL) | 0.95 ± 0.09 | 0.99 ± 0.12 | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 0.238 |
| tAUC (min × ng/mL) | 100 ± 9 | 99 ± 10 | 87 ± 9 | 0.151 |
| iAUC (min × ng/mL) | 21 ± 6 | 37 ± 6 | 28 ± 5 | 0.095 |
| Epinephrine | ||||
| Fasting (ng/mL) | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.509 |
| Peak values (ng/mL) | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0.099 |
| tAUC (min × ng/mL) | 8 ± 2 | 9 ± 2 | 13 ± 3 | 0.677 |
| iAUC (min × ng/mL) | 2 ± 1†(2) | 2 ± 1†(2) | 7 ± 2†(0,1) | 0.028 |
Data are mean values ± SEM derived from a standardized liquid meal test at baseline (0) (after a 1-week washout of blood glucose–lowering drugs) and at the end of each period of treatment with liraglutide (1) and glimepiride (2). iAUC: incremental area under the curve.
*P values are derived from repeated-measurement ANOVA for variations between treatments and baseline. †Significant difference (P < 0.05) from the period given in parentheses (post hoc analysis).