Glucose, insulin, C-peptide, ISR, and glucagon values by treatment group
| . | Baseline (0) (n = 15) . | Liraglutide (1) (n = 15) . | Glimepiride (2) (n = 15) . | P* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose | ||||
| FPG (mmol/L) | 9.9 ± 0.8†(1,2) | 8.2 ± 0.8†(0) | 7.2 ± 0.6†(0) | 0.002 |
| Minimum PG (mmol/L) | 9.3 ± 0.9†(1,2) | 7.5 ± 0.9†(0,2) | 5.2 ± 0.7†(0,1) | <0.001 |
| Peak PG (mmol/L) | 15.8 ± 1.3†(2) | 14.2 ± 1.5 | 12.7 ± 1.2†(0) | 0.029 |
| tAUC (min × mmol/L) | 3,127 ± 291†(1,2) | 2,624 ± 340†(0) | 2,136 ± 292†(0) | <0.001 |
| iAUC (min × mmol/L) | 746 ± 131†(2) | 637 ± 164 | 430 ± 171†(0) | 0.018 |
| Fructosamine (µmol/L) | 294 ± 16 | 296 ± 20 | 273 ± 14 | 0.170 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.6 ± 0.3 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 0.260 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 48 ± 3 | 49 ± 5 | 44 ± 3 | 0.223 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 0.501 |
| Insulin | ||||
| Fasting (pmol/L) | 46 ± 6 | 50 ± 7 | 57 ± 7 | 0.372 |
| Peak values (pmol/L) | 216 ± 29†(1,2) | 314 ± 54†(0) | 354 ± 46†(0) | <0.001 |
| tAUC (min × nmol/L) | 23 ± 3†(1,2) | 34 ± 7†(0) | 36 ± 3†(0) | <0.001 |
| iAUC (min × nmol/L) | 12 ± 2†(1,2) | 22 ± 5†(0) | 23 ± 3†(0) | <0.001 |
| C-peptide | ||||
| Fasting (pmol/L) | 376 ± 46 | 443 ± 44†(0) | 452 ± 39†(0) | 0.012 |
| Peak values (pmol/L) | 1,000 ± 130†(1,2) | 1,345 ± 177†(0) | 1,408 ± 132†(0) | <0.001 |
| tAUC (min × nmol/L) | 163 ± 22†(1,2) | 207 ± 30†(0) | 219 ± 19†(0) | <0.001 |
| iAUC (min × nmol/L) | 73 ± 12†(1,2) | 100 ± 21†(0) | 110 ± 14†(0) | <0.001 |
| ISR | ||||
| Fasting (pmol/kg/min) | 1.3 ± 0.2†(1,2) | 1.5 ± 0.2†(0) | 1.5 ± 0.1†(0) | 0.035 |
| Peak values (pmol/kg/min) | 5.4 ± 0.8†(1,2) | 7.1 ± 0.9†(0) | 8.1 ± 1.1†(0) | 0.002 |
| tAUC (pmol/kg) | 613 ± 89†(1,2) | 783 ± 127†(0) | 821 ± 80†(0) | <0.001 |
| iAUC (pmol/kg) | 268 ± 44†(2) | 382 ± 93†(2) | 421 ± 61†(0,1) | 0.011 |
| Glucagon | ||||
| Fasting (pmol/L) | 26 ± 7 | 23 ± 5 | 21 ± 6 | 0.434 |
| Peak values (pmol/L) | 58 ± 15 | 51 ± 12 | 47 ± 11 | 0.104 |
| tAUC (min × nmol/L) | 8 ± 3 | 7 ± 2 | 7 ± 2 | 0.473 |
| iAUC (min × nmol/L) | 2 ± 1 | 2 ± 1 | 2 ± 1 | 0.565 |
| . | Baseline (0) (n = 15) . | Liraglutide (1) (n = 15) . | Glimepiride (2) (n = 15) . | P* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose | ||||
| FPG (mmol/L) | 9.9 ± 0.8†(1,2) | 8.2 ± 0.8†(0) | 7.2 ± 0.6†(0) | 0.002 |
| Minimum PG (mmol/L) | 9.3 ± 0.9†(1,2) | 7.5 ± 0.9†(0,2) | 5.2 ± 0.7†(0,1) | <0.001 |
| Peak PG (mmol/L) | 15.8 ± 1.3†(2) | 14.2 ± 1.5 | 12.7 ± 1.2†(0) | 0.029 |
| tAUC (min × mmol/L) | 3,127 ± 291†(1,2) | 2,624 ± 340†(0) | 2,136 ± 292†(0) | <0.001 |
| iAUC (min × mmol/L) | 746 ± 131†(2) | 637 ± 164 | 430 ± 171†(0) | 0.018 |
| Fructosamine (µmol/L) | 294 ± 16 | 296 ± 20 | 273 ± 14 | 0.170 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.6 ± 0.3 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 0.260 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 48 ± 3 | 49 ± 5 | 44 ± 3 | 0.223 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 0.501 |
| Insulin | ||||
| Fasting (pmol/L) | 46 ± 6 | 50 ± 7 | 57 ± 7 | 0.372 |
| Peak values (pmol/L) | 216 ± 29†(1,2) | 314 ± 54†(0) | 354 ± 46†(0) | <0.001 |
| tAUC (min × nmol/L) | 23 ± 3†(1,2) | 34 ± 7†(0) | 36 ± 3†(0) | <0.001 |
| iAUC (min × nmol/L) | 12 ± 2†(1,2) | 22 ± 5†(0) | 23 ± 3†(0) | <0.001 |
| C-peptide | ||||
| Fasting (pmol/L) | 376 ± 46 | 443 ± 44†(0) | 452 ± 39†(0) | 0.012 |
| Peak values (pmol/L) | 1,000 ± 130†(1,2) | 1,345 ± 177†(0) | 1,408 ± 132†(0) | <0.001 |
| tAUC (min × nmol/L) | 163 ± 22†(1,2) | 207 ± 30†(0) | 219 ± 19†(0) | <0.001 |
| iAUC (min × nmol/L) | 73 ± 12†(1,2) | 100 ± 21†(0) | 110 ± 14†(0) | <0.001 |
| ISR | ||||
| Fasting (pmol/kg/min) | 1.3 ± 0.2†(1,2) | 1.5 ± 0.2†(0) | 1.5 ± 0.1†(0) | 0.035 |
| Peak values (pmol/kg/min) | 5.4 ± 0.8†(1,2) | 7.1 ± 0.9†(0) | 8.1 ± 1.1†(0) | 0.002 |
| tAUC (pmol/kg) | 613 ± 89†(1,2) | 783 ± 127†(0) | 821 ± 80†(0) | <0.001 |
| iAUC (pmol/kg) | 268 ± 44†(2) | 382 ± 93†(2) | 421 ± 61†(0,1) | 0.011 |
| Glucagon | ||||
| Fasting (pmol/L) | 26 ± 7 | 23 ± 5 | 21 ± 6 | 0.434 |
| Peak values (pmol/L) | 58 ± 15 | 51 ± 12 | 47 ± 11 | 0.104 |
| tAUC (min × nmol/L) | 8 ± 3 | 7 ± 2 | 7 ± 2 | 0.473 |
| iAUC (min × nmol/L) | 2 ± 1 | 2 ± 1 | 2 ± 1 | 0.565 |
Data are mean values ± SEM derived from a standardized liquid meal test at baseline (0) (after a 1-week washout of blood glucose–lowering drugs) and at the end of each period of treatment with liraglutide (1) and glimepiride (2). iAUC, incremental area under the curve.
*P values are derived from repeated-measures ANOVA for variations between treatments and baseline. †Significant difference (P < 0.05) from the period given in parentheses (post hoc analysis).