A1C, S5, S8, S11, S12, S20, S21–S22, S97–S99
advantages of, S21
age and, S21–S22
cardiovascular disease and, S102–S103
CGM technology effect on, S106, S112, S115–S116
confirming diagnosis with, S22
correlation with BGM, S98
hemoglobinopathies and, S22
in children, S98–S99, S235–S237, S241–S242
in hospitalized patients, S268
in older adults, S219, S220, S223
in people with HIV, S28
in screening children, S28
limitations, S98
microvascular complications and, S101–S102
other conditions affecting, S22
point-of-care assays, S5, S21, S98
in prediabetes, S24–S25
in pregnancy, S256, S257–S258
race/ethnicity and, S22, S98–S99
recommendations, S21
setting and modifying goals for, S103–S104
acarbose, S136, S152
access to care, S13
access, to insulin, S279
ACCORD study, S57, S170, S218
ACE inhibitors, S53, S54, S163, S164–S165, S192, S194, S196, S238, S239, S244, S255, S261
acute kidney injury, S134, S161, S162, S165, S177, S194, S272
ADA consensus reports, S4, S70, S78, S106, S217
ADA evidence-grading system, S3
ADA Professional Practice Committee, S1, S4
ADA scientific reviews, S4
ADA statements, S4
ADAG study, S98, S104, S105
Addison disease, S23, S56, S237
adolescents. see children and adolescents.
adrenal insufficiency, primary, S56, S237
adult-onset diabetes. see Type 2 diabetes.
adults, prediabetes and diabetes screening in, S25, S27–S28
ADVANCE trial, S103, S105, S160
advocacy statements, S7, S279–S280
care of young children with diabetes in the childcare setting, S280
diabetes and driving, S280
diabetes and employment, S280
diabetes care in the school setting, S279–S280
insulin access and affordability, S279
affordability, of insulin, S279
Affordable Care Act, S13
African Americans, S22, S23, S24, S25, S27, S77, S105, S193
A1C variability in, S98–S99
ADA risk test for, S26
BMI cut point in, S28
age
aspirin use and, S171
effect on A1C, S21–S22
to start screening for diabetes, S24, S27
risk factor for diabetes, S27
statin treatment and, S167
agricultural workers, migrant, S13
AIM-HIGH trial, S170
albiglutide, S181, S182
albuminuria, S7, S75, S79, S105, S148, S159, S161, S164, S165, S171, S176, S182, S183, S191, S192, S193, S194, S195, S196, S197, S198, S199, S237, S239, S240
alcohol intake, S54, S57, S72, S76, S106, S117, S136, S163, S169, S207, S246, S255
algorithms, insulin dosing, using machine learning, S9, S268
alirocumab, S168
alogliptin, S148, S152, S173, S183, S270
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, S44, S131, S152
alpha-lipoic acid, S208
ambulatory glucose profile (AGP), S100
amputation, foot, S177, S206, S209, S210, S211, S212
analogs. see insulin analogs.
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), S7, S53, S54, S147, S163, S164–S165, S191–S192, S194, S231, S238
anti-VEGF agents, S205–S206
antiplatelet agents, S170–S172
antipsychotics, atypical, S26, S28, S84
antiretroviral therapies, S24, S28
anxiety disorders, S82, S136
ARRIVE trial, S171
ASCEND trial, S75, S171, S172
Asian Americans, S23, S24, S25, S26, S27, S28, S43, S129, S130, S132, S135
aspart, S29, S141, S153, S222
aspirin therapy, S170, S171–S172, S205, S219
ASPREE trial, S171
atenolol, S208, S261
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), S158–S190
atorvastatin, S167
atypical antipsychotics, S26, S28, S84
autoimmune diseases, S23, S57, S237
automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, S6–S7, S111, S112, S115, S118–S119, S141
autonomic neuropathy, diabetic, S8, S78, S160, S206, S207, S273
balloons, implanted gastric, S132
bariatric surgery. see metabolic surgery.
basal insulin, S9, S113–S114, S116, S119, S140, S141, S150, S151, S152, S153, S154–S145, S222, S224, S226, S233, S269, S270, S271, S272, S273
bedtime dosing
of antihypertensives, S165
of insulin, S144–S145, S150, S220, S222, S235
behavior changes, S6, S12, S68–S96
diabetes self-management education and support, S68–S70
for diabetes prevention, S42–S43
medical nutrition therapy, S68–S76
physical activity, S76–S78
in gestational diabetes, S258
psychosocial care, S79–S86
smoking cessation, S79
for weight loss, S130–S131
bempedoic acid, S169
beta-carotene, S6, S72, S76
beta-cell replacement therapy, S142, S146
biguanides, S152
bladder dysfunction, S207, S256
Blood Glucose Awareness Training, S82, S106
blood glucose monitoring (BGM), S50, S75, S79, S97, S104, S111–S114, S144–S145, S243
in hospitalized patients, S269
continuous glucose monitoring, S99–S101
correlation with A1C, S98
devices for, S111–S127
during pregnancy, S257
in hypoglycemia, S104, S106
in intensive insulin regimens, S113
in people on basal insulin, oral agents, or noninsulin injectables, S113–S114
in schools, S112
initiation of, S112
meter standards, S113
optimizing, S113–S114
blood pressure control. see also hypertension, S8, S159–S165, S191, S195, S208, S224, S225
body mass index (BMI), S9, S24–S25, S43, S44, S45, S53, S76
COVID-19 mortality and, S60
effects of metformin use in pregnancy on, S259
ethnicity and, S27–S28
for medical weight loss medications, S132
for metabolic surgery, S132, S135, S243, S244
in obese patients, S129–S130
in screening children, S240–S241
postpartum, S262
bone fracture risk, S44, S45, S60, S148
bone-strengthening activities, S76, S77, S233, S241, S242
bromocriptine, S152
calcium channel blockers, S164, S165, S196
canagliflozin, S151, S152, S177, S178, S179, S181, S182, S183, S197
cancer, risk in diabetics, S56–S57
CANVAS study, S177, S178, S179, S182, S197, S199
capsaicin, topical, S208
carbamazepine, S208
carbohydrate intake, S14, S21, S24, S42, S72, S73–S75, S78, S104, S136, S140, S142, S144–S145, S225, S233–S234, S257, S258, S259, S271, S272
cardiac autonomic neuropathy, diabetic, S206, S207
cardiac function testing, S245–S246
cardiovascular disease, S2, S7, S158–S190
A1C and outcomes of, S102–S103
antiplatelet agents, S170–S172
cardiac testing, S176
hypertension/blood pressure control, S159–S165
lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions, S176–S184
lipid management, S165–S166
prevention of, S44–S45, S224
screening, S172, S176
statin treatment, S165–S170
treatment, S172–S176
cardiovascular risk, S13, S15, S25, S27, S31, S44, S45, S76, S78, S101, S102, S129, S135, S143, S158, S159, S160, S162, S166, S167, S169, S172, S176, S180, S184, S193, S194, S195, S197, S207, S218–S219, S238
risk calculator, S159
care delivery systems, S11–S13
access to care and quality improvement, S13
behaviors and well-being, S12
care teams, S12
chronic care model, S11
medication cost considerations, S12
six core elements, S11
system-level improvement strategies, S11–S12
telehealth, S12
care teams, S12
CARMELINA trial, S173, S182
CAROLINA trial, S173, S177
celiac disease, S23, S56, S231, S237–S238
CHAP trial, S7, S9, S164, S261
Charcot neuropathy, S78, S209, S211
childcare, S233, S279, S280
children and adolescents, S7, S8, S230–S253, S279–S280
A1C in, S98–S99, S235–S237, S241–S242
asymptomatic, risk-based screening in, S25
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in, S28–S29
diabetes care in childcare settings, S233, S279, S280
diabetes care in school setting, S112, S234, S279–S280
insulin pumps in, S119
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S19, S28–S29, S30
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S19, S30–S32
neonatal diabetes, S19, S30, S31
physical activity in, S76, S77
screening for type 1 risk, S24–S25
screening for prediabetes and type 2, S25, S28
transition from pediatric to adult care, S246
type 1 diabetes in, S233–S240
type 2 diabetes in, S240–S246
China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study, S45
CHIPS trial, S163, S261
cholesterol lowering therapy, S7, S53, S166, S167, S168–S169
chronic care model, S11
chronic kidney disease, diabetic, S8, S191–S202
acute kidney injury, S194
assessing albuminuria and GFR, S193
diagnosis, S193–S194
epidemiology, S193
interventions for, S195–S199
referral to nephrologist, S199
risk of progression, S191, S193
screening recommendations, S191
staging, S194
surveillance, S194-195
treatment recommendations, S191–S183
classification, S5, S19–S20
clonidine, S208, S261
clopidogrel, S170
closed-loop systems, S105, S119, S144
do-it-yourself, S120
hybrid, S141, S218, S234, S260
coaching, online, S69, S120
cognitive capacity/impairment, S80, S84–S86
colesevelam, S152
collaborative care, S49–S51
collagen vascular diseases, S56
combination therapy, S7, S143, S144, S146, S147, S149, S150–S151, S154, S161, S168, S168–S169, S169–S170, S208, S222
community health workers, S5, S13, S15, S43, S70, S79
community screening, S28
community support, S15
comorbidities, S10, S11, S56–S60
assessment of, S6, S49–S67
autoimmune diseases, S23, S57, S237
cancer, S56–S57
cognitive impairment/dementia, S57
COVID-19, S60–S62
fractures, S148, S161, S177, S222, S223
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, S57–S60
obstructive sleep apnea, S60
periodontal disease, S60
prevention or delay of, S5, S41–S48
COMPASS trial, S172, S283
computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE), S9, S267, S268
CONCEPTT study, S257, S258
connected insulin pens, S112, S117–S118, S236
continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), S6, S7, S8, S9, S50, S114–S117
ambulatory glucose profile in, S99, S100, S101
assessment of glycemic control, S97, S98, S99–S101
devices for, S114–S117
in hospitalized patients, S269, S271, S272
in hypoglycemia prevention, S106
in older adults, S218
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S99, S112, S234, S236
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S243
in pregnancy, S116, S258
interfering substances, S117
intermittently scanned devices, S106, S114–S115, S116, S235, S236, S241, S258
side effects, S116–S117
standardized metrics for, S99
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), S140–S141
coronary artery disease, S78, S164, S165, S172, S176
cost considerations, S11, S12, S13
glycemic control, S9, S148, S221, S222
insulin therapy, S117, S119, S141, S150, S151, S153, S260, S279
metabolic surgery, S135
weight loss medications, S132–S134, S151
Counterfeit test strips, S113
COVID-19, S7, S60–S62, S129, S269
COVID-19 vaccines, S6, S51, S56
CREDENCE study, S177, S178, S179, S182, S197, S198
cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, S19, S28–S29
DAPA-CKD study, S177, S178, S179, S197, S198
DAPA-HF study, S178, S179, S180, S182
dapagliflozin, S62, S151, S152, S177, S178, S180, S181, S182, S183, S197
DARE-19 study, S62
DASH diet, S42, S163, S166
DECLARE-TIMI 58 study, S177, S178, S179, S182, S197, S198
degludec, S141, S151, S152, S153, S154, S222
delay, of type 2 diabetes, S5–S6, S41–S48
lifestyle behavior change, S42–S43
person-centered care goals, S45–S46
pharmacologic interventions, S43–S44
recommendations, S41, S42, S43–S44
of vascular disease and mortality, S44–S45
DELIVER study, S178, S179, S180, S182
dementia, in diabetics, S57, S84, S105, S170, S217–S218
dental practices, screening in, S28
depression, S14, S53, S80, S81, S82–S83, S119, S133, S136, S208, S216, S217, S220, S223, S235, S246
detemir, S144, S151, S153, S222
devices. see technology.
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), S21, S101, S102, S103, S104, S119, S140, S141, S236, S240
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC), S8, S102, S103, S105, S218
diabetes distress, S6, S14, S80, S81–S82, S83, S115, S235, S246, S274
diabetes medical management plan (DMMP), for students, S112
Diabetes Prevention Impact Tool Kit, S43
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), S25, S27, S42, S43, S44, S75, S120, S149
delivery and dissemination of, S43
Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program (DPRP), S43
diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES), S6, S7, S12, S15, S50, S68–S70, S71, S82, S150
diabetes technology. see technology, diabetes.
diabetic ketoacidosis, S20, S60, S61, S77, S81, S106, S116, S141, S142, S148, S177, S224, S233, S243, S256, S260, S273
diabetic kidney disease. see also chronic kidney disease.
dietary protein and, S75
diagnosis, S193–S194
exercise and, S79
finerenone in, S183–S184, S198–S199
glucose-lowering medications for, S196–S198
multiple drug therapy, S165
Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), S206
diagnosis, S5, S6, S19–S35
confirmation of, S23
criteria for, S21
cystic fibrosis-related, S28–S29
diabetic kidney disease, S193–S194
diabetic neuropathy, S206–S207
diagnostic tests, S20–S22
gestational diabetes mellitus, S33–S35
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S30–S33
pancreatic, S33
posttransplantation, S30–S31
prediabetes, S25
type 1 diabetes, S22–S25
type 1 vs type 2 in pediatric patients, S242
type 2 diabetes, S25–S28
diagnostic tests, S20–S22
A1C, S21–S22
age, S21–S22
confirmation of, S22
criteria for, S21
ethnicity, S22
fasting and 2-hr plasma glucose, S21
hemoglobinopathies, S22
race, S22
diet, see Medical nutrition therapy.
Dietary Reference Intakes, S259
DIAMOND trial, S8, S218
digital health technology, S120
dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, S30, S131, S147, S148, S149, S152, S173, S177, S222, S270
disordered eating behavior, S53, S71, S80, S81, S83–S84, S233, S234–S235, S246
do-it-yourself systems, S120
domperidone, S209
Dose Adjusted for Normal Eating (DAFNE), S106
DRCR Retina Network, S205
driving, and diabetes, S280
droxidopa, S208
dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonist, S7, S44, S60, S131, S146, S152
DUAL-VIII trial, S154
dulaglutide, S146, S148, S151, S152, S174, S181, S182
duloxetine, S208
dyslipidemia, S12, S25, S27, S44, S45, S53, S77, S132, S158, S159, S169, S171, S203, S206, S207, S220, S231, S232, S238, S239, S243, S245
e-cigarettes, S239, S246, S79
eating disorders, S71, S83–S84, S235
eating patterns, S6, S42, S50, S59, S71, S72, S73, S74, S75, S81
disrupted, S83, S84
education, see also diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES).
on device use, S112
patient, S210–S211
preconception, S255, S256
staff, in rehabilitation and LTC settings, S224–S225
electrical stimulation, gastric, S209, S212
ELIXA trial, S174, S175, S181
EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, S177, S178, S179, S182, S197
empagliflozin, S151, S152, S177, S178, S179, S180, S181, S182, S183, S189
EMPEROR-Preserved trial, S180, S182
EMPEROR-Reduced trial, S180, S182
employment, diabetes and, S280
enalapril, S208
end-of-life care, S219, S223, S225–S226
enteral/parenteral feedings, S270, S271, S272
erectile dysfunction, S207, S209
ertugliflozin, S152, S178, S180, S181, S270
erythromycin, S209
erythropoietin therapy, A1C and, S21, S22, S219
estimated average glucose (eAG), S98
ETDRS study, S205
Ethnicity, S24, S25, S27–S28, S61, S118, S131
effect on A1C, S22
evidence-grading system, S3
evolocumab, S168
EXAMINE trial, S173, S182
exenatide, S148, S148, S152, S174, S181, S182, S243
exercise. see physical activity.
exocrine pancreas diseases, S19, S32
EXSCEL trial, S174, S175, S181
eye exam, comprehensive, S204, S240
ezetimibe, S7, S166, S167, S168, S178
statins and, S168, S170
family history, S23, S25, S27, S29, S30, S32, S57, S83, S159, S171, S240, S242
fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, S20, S21, S22, S25, S28, S150
fats, dietary, S9, S72, S75, S136, S238, S245, S257, S259
FDA standards, for glucose meters, S113
fenofibrate, S169, S170, S206
fibrate, S232, S245
plus statin therapy, S169, S170
fibrosis-4 index risk calculator, S6, S58
FIDELIO-DKD trial, S183, S198
FIGARO-DKD trial, S183, S198, S199
finerenone, S7, S176, S183, S198–S199
FLOW trial, S197
fluvastatin, S167
food insecurity, S13–S14
foot care, S8, S206, S209–S212, S240
footwear, S78, S209, S211
FOURIER trial, S168
fractures, S148, S161, S177, S222, S223
gastrectomy, vertical sleeve, S135–S136
gastric aspiration therapy, S132
gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y gastric, S135–S136
gastric electrical stimulation, S209
gastrointestinal neuropathies, S207
gastroparesis, S207, S208–S209
gemfibrozil, S170
genetic testing, S30–S31, S58
genitourinary disturbances, S207
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), S9, S19, S24, S25, S27, S32–S35, S43, S44, S254, S258–S260,S261–S262
definition, S32–S33
diagnosis, S33–S35
initial testing, S261–S262
insulin, S260
management of, S258–S260
medical nutrition therapy, S259
metformin, S259
one-step strategy, S33–S34
pharmacologic therapy, S259
physical activity, S259
postpartum care, S261–S263
recommendations, S32
screening and diagnosis, S33–S35
sulfonylureas, S259
two-step strategy, S34–S35
glargine, S141, S144, S151, S152, S153, S154, S222
glimepiride, S148, S152, S173, S177
glipizide, S148, S152, S222
glomerular filtration rate, S8, S30, S53, S75, S146, S147, S148, S165, S173, S175, S176, S179, S191–S192, S193, S222, S240, S244
glucagon, S32, S104, S105–S106, S150
glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA), S44, S102, S131, S134, S136, S142, S143, S147, S148, S150, S152, S172, S173, S175, S180, S181, S192, S196, S203, S242, S243, S270
glucocorticoid therapy, S19, S272–S273
glucose, for hypoglycemia, S104, S105
glucose meters, S112–S114
counterfeit strips, S113
inaccuracy, S114
interfering substances, S114
optimizing use of, S113–S114
oxygen, S114
standards, S13
temperature, S114
glucose monitoring. see blood glucose monitoring.
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, A1C and, S21, S22, S99
glucose-lowering therapy, S7
cardiovascular outcomes, S176
choice of, S146
for obesity and weight management, S131
heart failure and, S181–S182
in chronic kidney disease, S196–S198
in hospitalized patients, S268–S269
noninsulin, S152
glulisine, S153, S222
glyburide, S148, S152, S222, S258, S259
glycemic control
assessment of, S98–S101
physical activity and, S78
glycemic goals. see also glycemic targets, S101–S104
glycemic targets, S6, S97–S110
A1c and BGM correlation, S98
A1C and cardiovascular disease outcomes, S102–S103
A1c differences in ethnic groups and children, S98–S99
A1c limitations, S98
continuous glucose monitoring, S100–S101
in diabetic kidney disease, S195
goals, S101–S104
in hospitalized patients, S268–S269
hypoglycemia, S104–S106
individualization of, S102, S103
intercurrent illness, S106
in older adults, S219–S221
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S235–S237
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S241–S242
recommendations, S101
setting and modifying A1C goals, S103–S104
glycemic treatment, S7, S140–S157
guanfacine, S208
health literacy, S14–S15
health numeracy, S12, S14–S15, S49, S50, S71, S75
hearing impairment, S55
heart failure, S7, S30, S50, S51, S54, S60, S77, S103, S129, S142, S146, S158–S159, S161, S175, S177, S180–S183
hemodialysis, A1C and, S21, S219
hemoglobinopathies, A1C on, S22, S28, S33, S41
hepatitis B, S54–S55, S56
hepatitis B vaccines, S54–S55, S195, S256
hepatitis C infection, S256
hepatitis, autoimmune, S23, S56, S237
homelessness, S13, S14, S234, S246
hospital care, S9, S267–S278
care delivery standards, S267–S268
continuous glucose monitoring, S269
diabetes care specialists in, S268
diabetic ketoacidosis, S273
enteral/parenteral feedings, S272
glucocorticoid therapy, S272–S273
glucose-lowering treatment in, S269–S270
glycemic targets in, S268–S269
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S273
hypoglycemia, S270–S271
insulin therapy, S269–S270
medical nutrition therapy in, S271–S272
medication reconciliation, S274
noninsulin therapies, S270
perioperative care, S273
preventing admissions and readmissions, S274
self-management in, S272
standards for special situations, S272–S273
structured discharge communication, S274
transition to ambulatory setting, S273–S274
HOT trial, S161
housing insecurity, S13, S14
HPS2-THRIVE trial, S170
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), S19, S21, S22, S24, S28, S207, S256
human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine, S55
human regular insulin, S151, S152, S153, S272, S273
hybrid closed-loop systems, S119
hydrogel, oral, S132
hyperbaric oxygen therapy, S8, S211, S212
hyperglycemia, S5, S7, S9, S14, S20, S21, S22, S23, S27, S28, S29–S30, S32, S33, S34, S45, S46, S57, S59, S61, S74, S76, S83, S99, S101, S104, S106, S112, S113, S116, S132, S135, S141, S143, S149, S150, S151, S182, S193, S204, S218, S219, S220, S225, S226, S233, S234, S236, S242, S245, S254, S256, S257, S258, S267, S268, S269, S270, S271, S272, S273, S274
Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study, S33, S34, S257
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, S106, S219, S242, S273
hypertension, S7, S9, S12, S24, S25, S27, S44, S54, S75, S78, S133, S159–S165, S171, S176, S191, S193, S196, S199, S204, S208, S216, S220, S225, S231, S232, S238, S240, S244, S245, S254, S256, S258, S259, S260, S261
hypertriglyceridemia, S75, S140, S149, S169
hypoglycemia, S6, S7, S8, S14, S31, S51, S54, S72, S76, S104–S106
CGM technology in prevention of, S106
classification, S104, S105
in hospitalized patients, S270–S271
in older adults, S57,S217–S218
postbariatric, S132, S136
prevention, S75, S78, S106
risk, S54
treatment, S105–S106
hypogonadism, S209
hypokalemia, S165, S192, S194
icosapent ethyl, S75, S169
idiopathic type 1 diabetes, S23
Illness, intercurrent, glycemic targets in, S106, S114
immune checkpoint inhibitors, S24
immune-mediated diabetes, S23
impaired fasting glucose (IFG), S20, S21, S24, S25
impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), S20, S21, S24, S25, S29, S34
inclisiran, S7, S168–S169
incretin-based therapies, S84, S181, S222–S224
Indian Diabetes Prevention Program (IDPP-1), S44
infections, S51, S62, S128, S144, S148, S207, S223, S273
diabetic foot, S203–S204
influenza vaccines, S53–S54, S55
inhaled insulin, S117, S141, S143, S148, S153–S154
injection techniques, S118, S142
insulin analogs, in type 1 diabetics, S119, S140, S141, S144, S148, S149, S151, S152, S154, S224, S236, S270, S273
insulin delivery, S112, S117
automated systems, S118, S119
do-it-yourself closed-loop systems, S120
injection techniques, S118, S142
intravenous, transitioning to subcutaneous, S270
pens and syringes, S117–S118
pumps, S118–S119
insulin pump therapy, S118–S119
insulin resistance, S5, S19, S20, S24, S25, S26, S27, S28, S29, S44, S45, S58, S59, S77, S86, S153, S245, S256, S257, S258, S259, S260, S261
insulin secretagogues, S54, S72, S78, S105, S131, S222
insulin therapy
access and affordability, S279
dosing algorithms using machine learning, S9, S268
in adults with type 1 diabetes, S140–S142
in adults with type 2 diabetes, S142–S154
basal, S9, S113–S114, S116, S119, S140, S141, S150, S151, S152, S153, S154–S145, S222, S224, S226, S233, S269, S270, S271, S272, S273
combination injectable, S154
concentrated insulins, S152–S153
in hospitalized patients, S269–S270
inhaled insulin, S117, S141, S143, S148, S153–S154
monitoring for intensive regimens, S113
in older adults, S221–S224
prandial, S7, S113, S141–S142, S143, S150, S151–S152, S154, S222, S233, S234, S243, S270, S271
insulin:carbohydrate ratio (ICR), S144, S145
integrated CGM devices, S6, S115
intensification, of therapy, S141, S143, S149, S151, S154, S176
intermittent fasting, S6, S73
intermittently scanned CGM devices, S106, S114–S115, S116, S235, S236, S241, S258
International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG), S33–S36
International Diabetes Closed Loop (iDCL) trial, S141
islet transplantation, S32, S105, S142
isradipine, S208
juvenile-onset diabetes. see immune-mediated diabetes.
KDIGO study, S194
ketoacidosis, diabetic, S20, S60, S61, S77, S81, S106, S116, S141, S142, S148, S177, S224, S233, S243, S256, S260, S273
kidney disease. see chronic kidney disease
Kumamoto study, S101
language barriers, S13
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), S20
Latino population, S13
LEADER trial, S174–S175, S180, S197
lifestyle behavior changes
delivery and dissemination of, S43
for diabetes prevention, S42–S43
for hypertension, S163
for lipid management, S165–S166
for weight management, S59, S71, S121
in older adults, S220–S221
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S233–S234
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S7, S242
in pregnancy, S9, S163
to reduce ASCVD risk factors, S176
with NAFLD, S6
linagliptin, S148, S152, S173, S177, S182
lipase inhibitors, S133
lipid management, S165–S166, S225
lipid profiles, S53, S166, S231, S232, S238, S239
liraglutide, S44, S60, S132, S134, S142, S148, S151, S152, S153, S154, S174, S180, S182, S197, S243, S244
lispro, S141, S153, S222
lixisenatide, S148, S152, S153, S154, S174, S181, S182
long-acting insulin, S141, S143, S145, S149, S150, S151, S153, S224, S234, S236, S242, S243, S254, S255, S262, S272, S273
Look AHEAD trial, S60, S61, S130–S131, S176, S221
loss of protective sensation, S8, S206, S209, S210
lovastatin, S167
machine learning, dosing algorithms using, S9, S268
macular edema, diabetic, S204–S206
maternal history, in screening children/ adolescents, S25
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), S19, S20, S30–S31, S230, S241
meal planning, S6, S73–S75, S256
Medicaid expansion, S13
medical devices, for weight loss, S132
medical evaluation, S5, S51–S62
autoimmune diseases, S56
cancer, S57–S58
cognitive impairment/dementia, S57
immunizations, S51, S53–S55
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, S57–S60
obstructive sleep apnea, S60
periodontal disease, S60
recommendations, S48
medical nutrition therapy, S69, S70–S76
alcohol, S76
carbohydrates, S73–S75
eating patterns and meal planning, S73
fats, S75
goals of, S71
in hospitalized patients, S271–S272
micronutrients and supplements, S75–S76
nonnutritive sweeteners, S76
protein, S75
sodium, S75
weight management, S71
Mediterranean diet, S42, S57, S59, S71, S72, S73, S74, S75, S166
meglitinides, S54, S152
mental health referrals, S8, S54, S71, S79, S89, S81, S82, S83, S132, S234–S235, S246
mental illness, serious, S81, S84
metabolic surgery, S71, S81, S128, S129, S130, S132–S136,S243–S244
metformin, S30, S31, S32, S43–S44, S53, S62, S75, S102, S103, S131, S142, S143, S146, S148, S149, S151, S152, S154, S173, S174, S176, S178, S182, S184, S196, S217, S221, S222, S232, S242, S243, S245, S258, S259, S260, S261, S262, S273
metoclopramide, S209
metoprolol, S208
micronutrients, S71, S72, S75–S76
microvascular complications, S11, S27, S31, S32, S45, S78, S99, S101–S102, S104, S141, S142, S159, S206, S219, S239–S240, S255
midodrine, S208
miglitol, S152
migrant farmworkers, S13
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy, S8, S164, S165, S183, S192, S193, S194, S196, S198–S199
monogenic diabetes syndromes, S19, S30–S32
multiple daily injections (MDI), S53, S113, S115, S116, S118, S119, S143, S144, S145, S243
myasthenia gravis, S23, S56, S237
naltrexone/bupropion ER, S132, S133
nateglinide, S44, S152
National Diabetes Data Group, S35
National Diabetes Prevention Program, S43
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), S11, S21, S34, S241
neonatal diabetes, S19, S30
nephrologist, referral to, S8, S192, S193, S194, S199
nephropathy, diabetic, S27, S165, S173, S175, S179, S197, S203, S209, S231, S232, S239, S244, S256
neurocognitive function, S217
neuropathic pain, S8, S208
neuropathy, diabetic, S8, S44, S54, S101, S149, S206–S209, S211, S231, S232, S240,S244, S256
autonomic, S8, S78, S160, S207, S273
cardiac autonomic, S206, S207
gastrointestinal, S207
genitourinary disturbances due to, S207
peripheral, S56, S78, S119, S206–S207, S210
new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT), S29
niacin + statin therapy, S169, S170
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), S6, S53, S57–S60, S256
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), S6, S57–S60, S148
noninsulin treatments, S30, S106, S112, S113–S114, S116, S142, S149, S152, S221, S222, S223, S258, S270
noninsulin-dependent diabetes. see type 2 diabetes.
nonnutritive sweeteners, S72, S76
NPH insulin, S141, S145, S148, S149, S150, S151, S152, S153, S155, S222, S224, S270, S272, S273
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, S22
nursing homes, S224–S225
nutrition
for diabetes prevention/delay, S42–S43
nutrition therapy. see medical nutrition therapy.
obesity, S7, S128–S139
assessment, S129
medical devices for weight loss, S132
metabolic surgery, S132, S135–S136
nutrition, physical activity, and behavioral therapy, S129–S131
pharmacotherapy, S131–S132, 133-134
screening asymptomatic children/adolescents, S24, S25
obstructive sleep apnea, S53, S58, S86, S232, S245
ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial, S168
older adults, S7, S216–S229
end-of-life care, S225–S226
hypoglycemia, S217–S218
lifestyle management, S220–S221
neurocognitive function, S217
pharmacologic therapy, S221–S224
in skilled nursing facilities and nursing homes, S224–S225
treatment goals, S218–S220
with type 1 diabetes, S224
one-step strategy, for GDM, S33–S34
opioid antagonist/antidepressant combination, S133
ophthalmologist, referral to, S78, S204, S205
oral agents, S113, S114, S149, S151, S225, S259
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), S20, S21, S25, S28, S29, S30, S31, S33, S34, S35, S258, S262
organ transplantation, posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S19, S29–S30
orlistat, S132, S133
orthostatic hypotension, S208
overweight people, screening asymptomatic, S24
adults, S24
children/adolescents, S24, S25
oxygen, glucose monitors and, S114
oxygen therapy
hyperbaric, S8, S211, S212
topical, S8, S209, S211, S212
P2Y12 receptor antagonists, S170, S172
palliative care, S219, S224, S225
pancreas transplantation, S142, S146
pancreatectomy, S32, S119
pancreatic diabetes, S19, S32
pancreatitis, S20, S32, S134, S148, S169, S181, S245
pancreoprivic diabetes, S32
pens, insulin, S112, S117–S118
periodontal disease, S28, S54, S60
perioperative care, S135, S273
peripheral arterial disease, S210
peripheral neuropathy, S56, S78, S119, S206–S207, S210
pernicious anemia, S23, S56, S129
person-centered care, S69, S101, S142, S143
collaborative care, S10, S49–S51, S79
goals, S45–S46
pharmacologic approaches. see also specific medications, medication classes.
for adults with type 1 diabetes, S140–S142
for adults with type 2 diabetes, S142–S154
for cardiovascular and renal disease, S54, S176–S185, S196–S197
for hypertension, S163–S165
for lipid management, S166–S170
for neuropathic pain, S8, S208
for obesity, S131–S132
for pediatric type 2 diabetes, S242–S243
for smoking cessation, S79
in older adults, S221–S224
in pregnancy, S259–S260
in prediabetes, S43–S44
interfering substances for glucose meter readings, S114
to glycemic treatment, S7, S54, S140–S157
phentermine, S44, S132, S133
phentermine/topiramate ER, S132, S133, S244
phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, S209
photocoagulation surgery, S205, S206
physical activity, S10, S12, S15, S27, S28, S42, S43, S50, S76–S78,S130–S131, S150, S176, S208, S221, S241, S242
for depression, S83
for diabetes prevention, S43
glycemic control and, S78, S106
impact on blood glucose, S112, S113, S114, S119
in children with type 1 diabetes, S233–S234
in pregnancy, S259
with microvascular complications, S78
pre-exercise evaluation, S78
pioglitazone, S5, S6, S44, S45, S59–S60, S148, S152
PIONEER-6 trial, S174–S175, S180
pitavastatin, S167
Plenity, S132
pneumococcal pneumonia vaccines, S6, S54
point-of-care assays
A1c, S5, S21, S98
blood glucose monitoring, S269
polycystic ovarian syndrome, S24, S25, S27, S232, S245, S256, S258, S259
population health, S5, S10–S18
care delivery systems, S11
care teams, S12
chronic care model, S11
recommendations, S10
social context, S13–S15
postbariatric hypoglycemia, S132, S136
postpancreatitis diabetes mellitus (PPDM), S32
postpartum care, in diabetic women, S261–S262
postpartum state, A1C in, S22
posttransplantation diabetes mellitus, S19, S29–S30
pramlintide, S142, S152, S209
prandial insulin, S7, S113, S141–S142, S143, S150, S151–S152, S154, S222, S233, S234, S243, S270, S271
pravastatin, S167
prediabetes, S24–S25
criteria defining, S25
diagnosis, S25
prevention of vascular disease and mortality, S44–S45
screening, S5, S24–S25
preeclampsia, in women with diabetes, S33, S34, S163, S254, S255, S257, S258, S259
aspirin and, S260–S261
pregabalin, S132, S208
pregnancy, S8, S9, S19, S254–S266
A1C and, S21, S22, S257–S258
continuous glucose monitoring in, S258
diabetes in, S254–S255
drug considerations in, S261
eye exams during, S255
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), S9, S19, S24, S25, S27, S32–S35, S43, S44, S254, S258–S260,S261–S262
glucose monitoring in, S257
glycemic targets in, S256–S258
insulin physiology in, S257
metformin in, S259
pharmacologic therapy, S259
physical activity in, S259
postpartum care, S261–S262
pre-existing type 1 and 2 diabetes in, S255, S256, S257, S260
preconception care, S255, S256
preconception counseling, S254–S255
preeclampsia and aspirin, S260–S261
real-time CGM device use in, S116
retinopathy during, S204–S205
sulfonylureas, S259
prevention, type 2 diabetes, S5, S8, S41–S48
lifestyle behavior change, S42–S43
person-centered care goals, S45–S46
pharmacologic interventions, S43–S44
recommendations, S41, S42, S43–S44
of vascular disease and mortality, S44–S45
proliferative diabetic retinopathy, S78, S204, S205
proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, S7, S166, S167, S168, S170
protease inhibitors, A1C and, S22
protein intake, S75, S193, S195, S220, S244
psychosocial care, S6, S51, S79–S86
anxiety disorders, S82
cognitive capacity/impairment, S84–S86
depression, S82–S83
diabetes distress, S81–S82
disordered eating behavior, S83–S84
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S234–S235
in pediatric type 2 diabetes, S246
in pregnancy, S261
referral to mental health specialist, S80–S81
serious mental illness, S86
sleep health, S86
pumps, insulin, S112, S117, S118–S120
do-it-yourself closed-loop system, S120
in type 2 and other types of diabetes, S119
in youth, S119
sensor augmented, S119
quality improvement, S5, S13, S267, S270
RAAS inhibitors, S195, S196
Race, S24, S25, S70, S105, S118, S131, S159, S173, S174, S178, S193
effect on A1C, S21, S22
rapid-acting insulin analog, S105, S118, S119, S140, S141, S143, S145, S150, S152, S153, S222, S225, S258, S271, S272, S273
real-time CGM devices, S7, S106, S114–S115, S116, S136, S235, S236, S241, S256, S258, S269
REDUCE-IT trial, S75, S169
referrals, S58, S70, S260
for cognitive testing, S84, S219
for community screening, S28
for comprehensive eye exam, S204, S240, S245, S255
for local community resources, S13
for DSME, S54, S70, S217
for tobacco cessation, S44
from dentist to primary care, S28
to behavioral health provider, S217
to foot care specialist, S8, S211
to gastroenterologist, S245
to mental health professional, S8, S80–S81
to nephrologist, S8, S192, S194, S199, S244
to neurologist, S206, S231
to sleep specialist, S87, S245
to registered dietitian nutritionist, S43, S255, S257, S274
registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN), S43, S255, S257, S274
reimbursement, for DSMES, S69, S70
repaglinide, S29, S152
retinopathy, diabetic, S8, S27, S54, S58, S77, S78, S101, S119, S161, S193, S194, S198, S203–S206, S209, S231, S232, S237, S240, S244–S245, S255, S256, S260
REWIND trial, S175, S181
risk calculator, for ASCVD, S6, S159
risk management
cardiovascular disease, S7, S158–S190
chronic kidney disease, S8, S191–S202
risk, screening for, S23–S28
rivaroxaban, S170, S172
rosiglitazone, S148
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, S135
SAVOR-TIMI trial, S173, S182
saxagliptin, S148, S152, S173, S182, S270
schizophrenia, S84
schools
device use in, S112
diabetes care in, S234
pediatric type 1 diabetes and, S233
screening
for cardiovascular disease, S159–S160
in children/adolescents, S28
community, S28
in dental practices, S28
for gestational diabetes mellitus, S28, S32–S33
in individuals with HIV, S28
medications, S28
for neuropathy, S240
for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, S27–S28
testing interval, S28
for type 1 diabetes, S23–S24
for type 2 diabetes, S240–S241
seasonal farmworkers, S13
self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). see blood glucose monitoring (BGM)
semaglutide, S44, S60, S132, S134, S146, S148, S149, S151, S152, S174–S175, S180–S181, S182, S197, S222
sensor-augmented pumps, S8, S106, S118, S119, S141, S144, S218, S236, S260
sensory impairment, S53, S209, S210
setmelanotide, S132
sexual dysfunction, S207
sickle cell disease, A1C and, S21, S22
simvastatin, S167, S168, S170
sitagliptin, S148, S152, S173, S182
skilled nursing facilities, S223, S224–S225
sleep health, S86
smart pens. see connected insulin pens
smoking cessation, S45, S51, S79, S239
social capital, S15
social context, S13–S15
social determinants of health (SDOH), S7, S11–S13, S15, S70, S80, S147
sodium intake, S72, S74, S75–S76, S163
sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, S102, S103, S142, S148, S149, S151, S152, S154, S158, S159, S177–S180, S181, S182, S183, S184, S194, S196, S197, S198, S218, S224, S270, S273
SOLOIST-WHF trial, S183
sotagliflozin, S180, S182, S183
SPRINT trial, S160, S161, S162
staging
of diabetic kidney disease, S54, S194
of type 1 diabetes, S20
statin therapy, S5, S7, S44, S45, S75, S166–S169, S173, S174, S176, S178, S220, S231, S232, S238, S239, S245
diabetes risk with, S170
with bempedoic acid, S169
with fibrate, S169, S170
with niacin, S169, S170
statins, S57
sulfonylureas, S8, S14, S30, S31, S99, S146, S148, S152, S154, S221, S222, S224, S259
supplements, dietary, S72, S75–S76, S130, S131
surveillance
for foot problems, S209–S211
of chronic kidney disease, S194–S195
SUSTAIN-6 trial, S174–S175, S180, S197
sweeteners, nonnutritive, S72, S76
sympathomimetic amine anorectics, S133
in combination with antiepileptic, S133
syringes, insulin, S117–S118
tapentadol, S208
technology, diabetes, S6, S12, S111–S127
blood glucose monitoring, S112–S114
continuous glucose monitoring devices, S114–S117
general device principles, S111–S112
insulin delivery, S117–S121
TECOS trial, S173, S182
TEDDY study, S24
telehealth, S11
temperature
of glucose monitor, S114
perception of, S206, S209, S210
testing interval, S28
testosterone, low, in men, S44
tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (TDAP) vaccine, S55
thiazide-like diuretics, S164, S165, S196
thiazolidinediones, S30, S44, S131, S148, S183, S222
thyroid disease
autoimmune, S31, S56
in pediatric type 1 diabetes, S231, S237
time-restricted eating, S6, S73
tirzepatide, S7, S44, S60, S131, S146, S152
tobacco cessation, S44, S68, S79, S239, S246
training
blood glucose awareness, S82
on device use, S112
tramadol, S208
transfusion, A1C and, S21
transition
from hospital to ambulatory setting, S270, S273–S274
from pediatric to adult care, S230, S246
transplantation
islet, S105, S142, S146
liver, S58
organ, post-transplant diabetes mellitus after, S19, S29–S30
pancreas, S142, S146
renal, S146, S57, S173, S174, S180, S182, S197
tricyclic antidepressants, S8, S131, S207, S208, S209
TWILIGHT trial, S172
two-hour plasma glucose (2-h PG) test, S20, S21, S22, S25, S31, S33, S34
two-step strategy, for GDM, S34–S335
type 1 diabetes, S8, S9, S12, S13
A1C and cardiovascular disease outcomes in, S103
beta-cell replacement therapy, S142, S146, S175
in children/adolescents, S233–S240
classification, S19–S20
diagnosis, S22–S24
idiopathic, S23
immune-mediated, S23
in hospitalized patients, S270
insulin therapy, S140–S142
noninsulin treatments, S142
in older adults, S8, S224
peripheral neuropathy in, S206
pregnancy in women with preexisting, S9, S205, S255, S257, S258, S260
retinopathy in, S8, 204
screening, S23–S24
staging, S20
subcutaneous insulin regimens, S112, S114–S115, S140, S144–S145, S148
surgical treatment, S142
type 2 diabetes
A1C and cardiovascular disease outcomes in, S103
in children/adolescents, S240–S246
classification, S19–S20
combination therapy, S7, S143, S144, S146, S147, S149, S150–S151, S154, S161, S168, S168–S169, S169–S170, S208, S222
initial therapy, S119, S238
insulin pump use in, S119
obesity and weight management, S6, S27, S59, S60, S120, S128–S136, S244
pharmacologic treatment in adults, S142–S154
pregnancy in women with preexisting, S260
prevention or delay, S41–S48
retinopathy in, S204
risk test for, S26
screening in asymptomatic adults, S27–S28
screening in children/adolescents, S4, S28
type 3c diabetes, S32
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), S101, S102, S103, S104, S176
ulcers, foot, S53, S78, S206, S209–S212
ultra-rapid-acting insulin analogs, S143, S145
vagus nerve stimulator, S132
vascular disease, S176, S209
prevention of, in prediabetes, S44–S45
VERIFY trial, S149
vertical sleeve gastrectomy, S135
VERTIS CV trial, S178, S179, S180
Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT), S101, S102, S103, S218
vildagliptin, S149
vitamin D supplementation, S44, S72, S76, S131
VOYAGER-PAD trial, S172
weight loss surgery. see metabolic surgery.
weight loss/management, S70–S76, S163, S165, S176, S208, S220–S221
in diabetes prevention, S6, S9, S28, S29, S42–S43, S44, S45, S76
in type 1 diabetes, S20
in type 2 diabetes, S6, S27, S59, S60, S120, S128–S136, S244
well-being, S6, S12, S68–S97, S236
whites, non-Hispanic, S22, S25, S28, S61, S77, S98, S160, S173, S174, S178
WISDM trial, S8, S218
zoster vaccine, S55
